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Coronavirus, Covid-19, quarantine, lockdown, to name a few are surely the words of the year. Originating in a city of China, the virus has crossed the bounds of national boundaries, travelling across the globe, infecting people, economy, and what not. The nations today are fighting not only against an invisible virus. But the whole ocean of fake news, myths, social media messages pose a serious threat to the humankind. World Health Organisation (WHO), even before declaring Coronavirus outbreak a ‘pandemic’, labelled the spread of information a “massive ‘infodemic’- an “overabundance” of information that makes it difficult for people to identify truthful and trustworthy sources from false or misleading ones. Contagion of misinformation regarding Coronavirus has resulted into a situation of panic, anxiety and a whole range of misconceptions regarding the risks of Coronavirus. This is not the first time a global outbreak is accompanied by misinformation, fake news and myths, but the emergence of new social media platforms, especially WhatsApp, has amplified such messages. There are approximately 1.5 billion users of WhatsApp. Social media now is one of most powerful tools to have influence on people’s opinions and actions and even to manipulate them. Amidst the massive lockdowns and quarantines, social media has gained much more importance than ever. With Social Distancing, social media has become the platform to connect to family, relatives, colleagues and friends. With the fear of getting infected with Coronavirus through newspapers, people are left with no other option than social media to consume daily news. This is a perfect setting for the flow of misinformation. An article in the Indian Express newspaper termed India as a mobile- first nation most of the rural India reads the news on smartphones rather than newspapers. The article also mentions that WhatsApp has revolutionised the way people view and share the news and WhatsApp groups have become a popular medium to get news content. And lack of filtering on online platforms neglects the authenticity of the message. Sloman and Fernbach in their book ‘The Knowledge Illusion’ explain that much of our decision-making is not based on individual rationality but from shared group level narratives. This makes people even more vulnerable in such a time of a global pandemic full of panic and anxiety and especially when there is no complete knowledge about the nature of Coronavirus. There are numerous stories, messages and videos floating on social media, explaining about the household cures and methods to protect oneself from Coronavirus. This spread of misinformation can lead to misconceptions and panic even to the extent of taking someone’s life. Kiran S, an IPS officer, in an article published in the Indian Express urges people to perform information hygiene. Kiran says, “We are not doing the society any good by an unassuming click on our phones to forward the conspiracy theories and magic cures during the times of this pandemic.... The idea (of information hygiene) is to verify and authenticate the news before believing and more so sharing the same.” It is good to see that governments, social media sites, technology companies are trying to stop the flow of these fake news and myths. WHO has started their own myth busting page – “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters”. Google has created an SOS Alert on COVID-19 for those searching about corona virus in six official UN languages and is expanding in other languages to ensure that the first information public receives is from the WHO website. Facebook CEO Mark Zukerberg has promised to ban ads that promise “cures” for the Covid-19 virus. Amazon has banned more than a million products that claim to prevent or cure the infection from coronavirus. Twitter has set up a “dedicated search prompt” in India with a link to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. The Press Information Bureau releases a daily bulletin at 8 pm every day to inform the Centre’s decisions and developments and progress on the deadly COVID-19. This is done in line with the Supreme Court directive that a daily bulletin system with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic be made active within 24 hours by the government through all media avenues. Some common myths related to Coronavirus and their facts given by WHO are as follows: 1. COVID-19 virus cannot be transmitted in areas with hot and humid climates: This is untrue. WHO says that regardless of climate conditions, maintain social distancing and adopt protective measures in whichever demographic area you live in or travel to or in an area where people have tested positive for COVID-19 and the best way to protect is by frequently washing hands. 2. Cold weather and snow can kill the Novel Corona Virus: WHO says there is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases. The normal human body temperature remains around 36.5°C to 37°C, regardless of the external temperature or weather. 3. Taking a hot bath prevent Covid-19 Disease: Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19. Your normal body temperature remains around 36.5°C to 37°C, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower. Actually, taking a hot bath with extremely hot water can be harmful, as it can cause burn injuries instead. 4. The Novel Corona Virus can be transmitted through Mosquito bites: According to WHO, to date there has been no information or evidence to suggest that the new coronavirus could be transmitted by mosquitoes. The new coronavirus is a respiratory virus which spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose. 5. Are hand dryers effective in killing the new coronavirus? WHO says that no, hand dryers are not effective in killing the 2019-nCoV. To protect yourself against the new coronavirus, you should frequently clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water. 6. Can an ultraviolet disinfection lamp kill the new coronavirus? UV lamps should not be used to sterilize hands or other areas of skin as UV radiation can be harmful and can cause skin irritation. 7. How effective are thermal scanners in detecting people infected with the new Coronavirus? Thermal scanners are effective in detecting people who have a fever (i.e. have a higher than normal body temperature). They cannot detect people who are infected with COVID-19. 8. Can spraying Alcohol or Chlorine all over your body kill the new Coronavirus? No, spraying alcohol or chlorine all over the body can not kill viruses that have already entered the body. Spraying such substances can be harmful to clothes or mucous membranes. Both alcohol and chlorine based solutions are used to disinfect surfaces, but they need to be used under appropriate recommendations. 9. Do vaccines against pneumonia protect you against the new Coronavirus? WHO says that vaccines against pneumonia, such as pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type B (Hib) vaccine, do not provide protection against the new coronavirus. The virus is so new and different that it needs its own vaccine. Researchers are trying to develop a vaccine against 2019-nCoV, and WHO is supporting their efforts. Although these vaccines are not effective against 2019-nCoV, vaccination against respiratory illnesses is highly recommended to protect your health. 10. Can regularly rinsing your nose with saline help prevent infection with the new Coronavirus? No. There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. There is some limited evidence that regularly rinsing nose with saline can help people recover more quickly from the common cold. However, regularly rinsing the nose has not been shown to prevent respiratory infections. 11. Can eating garlic help prevent infection with the new Coronavirus? Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus. 12. Does the new coronavirus affect older people, or are younger people also susceptible? People of all ages can be infected by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions (such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill with the virus. WHO advises people of all ages to take steps to protect themselves from the virus, for example by following good hand hygiene and good respiratory hygiene. 13. Are antibiotics effective in preventing and treating the new Coronavirus? No, antibiotics do not work against viruses, only bacteria. The new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a virus and, therefore, antibiotics should not be used as a means of prevention or treatment. However, if you are hospitalized for the 2019-nCoV, you may receive antibiotics because bacterial co-infection is possible. 14. Drinking alcohol can cure Covid-19: There is no evidence whatsoever to support this hypothesis. The harmful use of alcohol increases your risk of health problems. 15. You can avoid the virus by drinking warm water every 15 minutes: Ther is no evidence to support these claims. But keeping oneself well hydrated is always better. 16. Only people with symptoms of Covid-19 can spread the disease: Even people with the Covid-19 infection but no symptoms can spread the disease. 17. Pets at home can spread the new coronavirus: There is no evidence that pets such as dogs or cats can be infected with the new Coronavirus. However, it is always a good idea to wash your hands with soap and water after getting in contact with pets. 18. Tab Hydroxychloroquine can prevent Covid-19: This is untrue. It is advised not to self medicate. It can lead to serious complications. Michelle Williams, Dean of the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health and K Viswanath, professor at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, in a recent article discuss five ways of combating misinformation: Educating oneself about COVID-19 to be able to dismiss any untrue information; pausing and verifying before sharing or forwarding by tracing the source; maintaining a healthy dose of “scepticism” by not spreading/forwarding messages that provoke fear and intolerance; accepting a level of prevailing uncertainty as researchers are still learning more about the virus and avoid filling the gap with misinformation and to stay informed by checking credible and reliable sources of information. Thus to conclude, the need of the hour is to protect ourselves by curbing the misinformation.

Graham: Hi, Lucy! How is it going? Lucy: Fine, thanks—and you? Graham: Just fine. Where are you off to? Lucy: To the Library. I’ve got a Science exam next week and need to start studying. Ugh. Graham: Oh, no. Well, I’ll see you later then. Good luck! Lucy: Thanks. See you later. Analysis: “Hi” is an informal way of saying “hello.” “How is it going?” is an informal way of saying “How are you?” Notice the rising intonation on “and you?” This shows that Lucy is interested in what Graham has to say. “Where are you off to?” is an informal way of saying “Where are you going?” “To the library.” Notice that Lucy does not say “I’m going” here because that information was already established in the question Ugh: expression people make when they think that something is disgusting or unpleasant e.g: Ugh! How can you eat that stuff? “Oh, no” is a way of saying “I sympathize with you” or “I understand you are not happy.” Note: used to express surprise, fear, joy, etc Oh, how wonderful! Oh no, I've broken it! “See you later” is an informal way of saying “goodbye.”

Graham: Good morning, Lucy, how are you doing? Lucy: Good morning, Graham. I am doing well. And you? Graham: I’m great, thank you. This is my friend Ranjita. She is thinking about applying to this college. Would you mind telling us about the process, please? Lucy: Hello, Ranjita. It’s a pleasure to meet you. I’m more than happy to speak with you. Please meet me once next week. Graham: It’s a pleasure to meet you, Lucy. Thank you so much for helping us. Lucy: Don’t mention it. Hopefully, I will be able to help your friend out! Analysis: The greetings good morning/good afternoon/good evening are used at different times of the day to greet people. “Good evening” is often used after 6 p.m. or generally when the sun has set. “Good night” is not a greeting: It is used when leaving a place or group of people. Thank you and good night!/Good night, and see you tomorrow. How are you doing is used to enquire about your well-being. Another way of saying ‘ how are you’? Would you mind telling… This expression is used to ask for permission to do something, or to ask somebody in a polite way to do something. e.g Do you mind if I open the window?/ Would you mind explaining this poem to me? Note: would you mind is always followed by -ing of V1 ( Verb 1) e.g would you mind calling me in the afternoon? “Don’t mention it” is another way of saying “You’re welcome.” The phrase “You are welcome” is more formal. However, responses such as Don’t mention it./No problem./ Happy to help are informal ways of responding.

Lesson Architecture 1. Story-At-A-Glance 2. NCERT Questions 3. Short Extra Questions STORY-AT-A-GLANCE This story is about two tribal Armenian boys who belonged to the Garoghlanian tribe. The story talks about an incident that revolves around two cousins Aram who is nine years old and Mourad who is thirteen. Aram narrates a story of his childhood when he was nine. He admired his cousin Mourad who was considered crazy by everyone of his tribe. Early one morning, Mourad tapped on Aram’s window and Aram jumped out of his window and was utterly surprised to see that his cousin Mourad was sitting on a beautiful white horse. Mourad asked Aram if he wanted to ride the horse. Aram being passionate about horses, could not turn down the offer. Poverty was characteristic of their entire tribe. However, they were renowned for their honesty which every member practised as a tradition for centuries. Aram knew that Mourad could never buy the horse. A member of the Garoghlanian family could never be a thief. Aram tried to justify Mourad’s possession of the horse by telling himself that stealing a horse for a ride could not be termed theft as he was not going to sell it. Moreover, Mourad was crazy about horses. Mourad had a crazy streak in him just like their uncle Khosrove. Uncle Khoosrove was a big man with a large moustache. He was irritable and impatient and always silenced everyone by a roar. Once his own son came to inform him that their house was on fire. Uncle Khosrove silenced him roaring that it no harm and not to pay any attention to it. Mourad wanted to ride alone. So he asked Aram to get down. Mourad kicked the horse and it broke into a furious speed that delighted Aram. After racing the horse across the field and an irrigation ditch, they returned dripping wet. Not Aram leaped on to the horse, but the horse did not move. Mourad warned him that they had to get back before everyone got up. Aram kicked the horse and the horse rand down the road to a vineyard and began to leap over the vines. Aram fell down but the horse continued to run. They finally found the horse, but by then the whole world had woken up. Aram asked Mourad when he had stolen the horse and since when he had been taking these lessons, but Mourad replied that it was only since that morning. Mourad walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard. The horse calmed down and Mourad claimed that he had ‘a way’ with horses. The same afternoon , uncle Khosrove came to Aram’s house for coffee and cigarettes. As he was talking to the family, another visitor, an Assyrian farmer, John Byro, arrived. John was sad and regretted that his white horse had been stolen a month ago and could not be found. On hearing this uncle Khosrove became irritated and roared that after having lost their homeland, the loss of a horse was insignificant. Byro added that he had spent sixty dollars on the horse and now even his carriage was of no us. He had to walk ten miles on a painful left leg to get there. After Byro left, Aram hurried to Mourad’s house and told home of the farmer’s visit. He also requested Mourad not to return the horse until he had learnt to ride. Mourad roared that the horse must go back to its owner and said that learning to ride would take Aram almost a year. However, Mourad agreed to keep the horse for six more months and then return it. Every morning they took the horse to ride and as always the horse would throw Aram down and run into the vineyard. One morning, when the two boys were taking the horse to hide it , they ran into John Byro. Byro studied it in minute detail and exclaimed that the horse he had lost was identical to this. Early nex morning, they took the horse to Byro’s vineyard and put it in the barn. Mourad put his arm around the horse’s neck and patted it. That afternoon John Byro came to Aram’s house and showed them the horse which had miraculously been found in his barn. He also announced that the horse had become stronger and better tempered to. Uncle Khosrove , who was in the parlour, became irritated and roared not to pay any attention as the horse had returned. NCERT Solution Reading With Insight ( Page 8) 1.You will probably agree that this story does not have breathless adventure and exciting action. Then what in your opinion makes it interesting? The story deals with the natural urge for children for fun and adventure. The story deals with two Armenian boys and their tale of adventure. It is the theme and development to its subtle climax, that makes it interesting. The way the two boys-Aram and Mourad justify their stealing of the horse for a few days is very interesting and speaks volume of their innocence. Aram was so delighted to have discovered that his cousin Mourad had managed a horse for their mutual ride. He justified the theft by revealing the fact the stealing for riding was not the same as stealing for money. The episode with Uncle Kohsrove and the crazy streak in his personality with the funny statement ‘ pay no attention to it..’ is very interesting and makes us laugh every time he utters it. The episode with John Byro with his concern for his lost horse and uncle Khosrove’s reaction to it is also very funny. When Byro said that he had to walk ten miles on a painful left leg, Uncle Khosrove reacted said that Byro should not pay heed to it. John Byro inspection of his own horse and not being able to claim the horse to be his own is very interesting and ironical. He could not claim the horse because it would be wrong to doubt the honesty and integrity of Mourad and Aram. To conclude it can be said that in spite of not having any breathless adventure, the story makes an interesting reading. 2. Did the boys return the horse because they were conscience stricken or because they were afraid? Ans The way the two boys-Aram and Mourad justify their stealing of the horse for a few days is very interesting and speaks volume of their innocence. Aram was so delighted to have discovered that his cousin Mourad had managed a horse for their mutual ride. He justified the theft by revealing the fact the stealing for riding was not the same as stealing for money. Aram and Mourad belonged to Garoghlanian tribe, which is famous for honesty and integrity of their character. They stole the horse due to their passion for riding a horse. As they belonged to a very poor family, they could not afford to own a horse. Therefore, their stifled desire to go for a horse ride compelled Aram to steal it for few days for a ride. Moreover, he justified that it can not be a theft as they have no intention of making money out of it. John Byro, the owner of the horse, examined the horse in minute detail, but could not claim the horse to be his own. As the boys belonged to a tribe known for their honesty and integrity, so John Byro had no iota of doubt on their integrity. Aram and Mourad felt it bad that John Byro had abundant trust on him that they could not steal his horse. They felt guilty-stricken and returned the horse to Byro’s farm early next morning. 3. “One day back there in the good old days when I was nine and the world was full of every imaginable kind of magnificence, and life was still a delightful and mysterious dream...” The story begins in a mood of nostalgia. Can you narrate some incident from your childhood that might make an interesting story? Ans: Recall an interesting incidence from your childhood and make a story out of it. 4. The story revolves around characters who belong to a tribe in Armenia. Mourad and Aram are members of the Garoghlanian family. Now locate Armenia and Assyria on the atlas and prepare a write-up on the Garoghlanian tribes. You may write about people, their names, traits, geographical and economic features as suggested in the story. Ans: Do a research on the topic and write in detail about Garoghlanian tribes. Short Questions with Answers Q.1. Why was Aram surprised when he saw Maraud in the Morning? Ans. Aram was surprised to see Maraud because he had come so early in the morning that too with a beautiful white horse. He could not believe that a boy of his tribe could buy or steal a horse. Q.2. Who was uncle Khosrove? Why was he considered the craziest member of his tribe? Ans. Uncle Khosrone was a relative of Aram who was an enormous man. He was short tempered and impatient by nature. His standard response to all the problems was. “It is no harm : pay no attention to it”. Q.3. Why was John Byro Sad? Ans. John Byro was sad because his horse was stolen and now he had to go on foot for long distance as him surrey was useless without a horse. Q.4. Why did Mourad return the horse? Ans. Mourad belonged to a tribe which was known for its honesty. He could not tolerate John Byro's expressions when he seemed to have recognised the horse. It was no more charming and challenging task for him to keep the horse after this incident. Q.5. Why did John Byro not accused mourad of stealing the horse, though he recognise his horse Ans. Though John Byro could recognise the horse, he did not blame Mourad of stealing because he knew his parent well. He knew that Mourad's family and tribe was famous for honesty. Q6. Who was John Byro? Why did he come to the narrator’s house? Ans: John Byro was an Assyrian farmer who had learnt to speak Armenian. He came to the narrator’s house and informed uncle Khosrove that his white horse had been stolen a month before and he had not been able to find it yet. Q7. What was Byro’s reaction when he met the boys along with the horse? Ans: On meeting Aram and Mourad with a white horse, Byro scrutinized it and even looked into his teeth. But he could not claim it to be his own as the horse was in the possession of the two boys. They belonged to a tribe known for their honesty and integrity. Q8. What changes did Byro see in the horse after it was returned? Why? Ans: Byro found the horse stronger and better tempered than before. The change was possible due to the love and care of the young boys as well as the regular exercise in the morning without the weight of the carriage.

Let's know the secrets of Early Rising. For Spoken English Video, Click Here Graham: Why do you think we should wake up early in the morning? Lucy : I think we can wind up doing all our works earlier than other people. Graham: Exactly. There is a host of benefits of waking up early in the morning. Lucy: Like, can you kindly elaborate on it? Graham: Yes, of course. At the very outset, morning time is ideal for studies. There is zero distraction. Everywhere there’s pin-drop silence. Lucy: Indeed so. We tend to concentrate on studies faster than other time of the day. What other benefits do we have? Graham: In addition, the retention power of the brain is optimum in the morning time. You can recall everything that you study. Lucy: We can also do some warm up exercises to keep ourselves physically fit. Graham: Absolutely, if we want to ensure healthy body in a healthy mind, we need to keep aside some time for morning exercise. Lucy: Of course, physical fitness is of utmost importance when it comes to excelling in studies. Let’s discuss the words and phrases that are used in the conversation so that we can use such words in our daily conversation. Learn Situational Vocabulary 1. Wake Up: to get up . Ex: I wake up early in summer. 2. Wind up : to end up. Ex: Let’s wind up our meeting today. 3. A host of: large number of people/things. Ex: a host of people/ opportunities 4. elaborate : to explain in detail. Ex: He did not elaborate on the extension of Lock-down. 5. At the very outset : at the very beginning Ex: I explained the rules at the very outset. 6. zero distraction. : there is nothing that can steal your attention Ex: There is zero distraction on radio news bulletin. 7. pin-drop : extremely quiet. Ex: There’s pin drop silence in my room. 8. tend to : likely to do something. Ex: When I feel tired, I tend to sleep. 9. Retention : able to remember things. Ex: Concept video helps retention of information. 10. Optimum : at its best. Ex: Let’s do optimum uses of resources. 11.Keep aside : to keep something to be used later. Ex: Keep the mobile aside for sometime. 12.of utmost importance: very important. Ex: This is a matter of utmost importance.

NCERT Solution Lesson Architecture 1. NCERT Solution 2. Theme 3. Story At A Glance 4. Recapitulation. THINK ABOUT IT 1. How does Toto come to grandfather’s private zoo? Ans. Grandfather being an animal lover saw a monkey with a tonga-driver. It was tied to a feeding-trough and appeared to be out of place there. Therefore, he decided to buy Toto from the tonga-driver at a cost of five rupees. 2. “Toto was a pretty monkey.” In what sense is Toto pretty? Ans. He had bright, shiny eyes which were full of mischief. The eyebrows were deeply set on his face. His teeth were like pearls. He had a gracious tail which was like a third hand for the grandfather. His childlike quality made him pretty. 3. Why does grandfather take Toto to Saharanpur and how? Why does the ticket collector insist on calling Toto a dog? Ans. Toto was shifted to the grandfather's zoo, which comprised of a tortoise, a pair of rabbits, a squirrel and the writer’s pet goat.Toto was very mischievous. He did not let the animals sleep at night. Therefore, the grand father decided to take him to Saharanpur. The grandfather carried Toto in a special bag made of a strong material - canvas. He placed some dry grass at the bottom of the bag and carried it along with him. The ticket collector called Toto a dog as from the bag Toto gave the impression of a dog to the ticket collector. 4. How does Toto take a bath? Where has he learnt to do this? How does Toto almost boil himself alive? Ans: In the winter season, Toto enjoyed having a warm bath. He would pretend to be selfish and before starting his bath, he would check the temperature of the water. He has learnt to do this from the grandfather and stepped into the tub, one foot at a time. Finally, he would would sit in the water with his face out of it. One day Toto got inside a kettle with water boiling in it on fire. But when the water became intolerably hot, he jumped up and down. The grandmother came to his rescue and pulled him out in half-boiled condition. 5. Why does the author say, “Toto was not the sort of pet we could keep for long”? Ans. Toto was a mischief monger. He tore clothes, curtains, wallpapers and broke dishes. He also disturbed other pets very much. Toto’s mischief grew by the day and grandfather realized that they could not keep him at home. Finally, he found the same tonga driver and sold Toto back to him for a sum of three rupees. TALK ABOUT IT Q. Do you have a pet? Is your pet mischievous? Tell the class about it. Ans. It's a subjective answer. Please write about your individual experiences on the notebook and get it checked by the teacher. THEME The story describes how author’s grandfather was fond of animals. The story revolves around Toto-a monkey- whom the grandfather bought from a tonga driver. The pranks played by Toto have been narrated in a humorous way, which makes the story very interesting. The story also describes the love and empathy that human beings share with the kingdom of animals. STORY SEQUENCE The writer’s grandfather bought a monkey named Toto from a tonga driver by paying five rupees to him. When the writer’s grandfather saw the monkey, he wanted to increase the collection of animals in his zoo at home. He had bright, shiny eyes which were full of mischief. The eyebrows were deeply set on his face. His teeth were like pearls. Many ladies belonging to the Anglo - Indian community got scared when they saw his teeth which were displayed when he smiled. Toto’s tail was like a third hand for him. It helped him hang from the branch of a tree. He also used it to lift objects which were beyond his hand’s reach. Grandmother always fussed when Grandfather brought home some new bird or animal. The writer and his grandfather secured Toto in a little cupboard in the writer’s room. In order to be sure that Toto did not escape, they tied him to a hook in the wall. Toto was shifted to the servant quarter. He was put in a cage. He would live with the other pets in grandfather's zoo. The zoo comprised of a tortoise, a pair of rabbits, a squirrel and the writer’s pet goat. Toto was very mischievous. He did not let the animals sleep at night. The writer’s grandfather had to leave for Saharanpur the next day. The writer was disappointed as he could not accompany his grandfather and Toto on the trip. He had got a special bag for Toto. It was made of a strong material - canvas. He placed some dry grass at the bottom of the bag. On the trip, the bag would be Toto’s home as he would live in it. Neither could he come out of the opening as it was closed with a zipper, nor could it bite the strong canvas material in order to run away. Still, Toto made unsuccessful attempts to come out of the bag. At the Saharanpur railway station, the writer’s grandfather was taking out his ticket to cross the turnstile. At that time, Toto peeked out of the bag and smiled at the ticket collector. The ticket collector was astonished to see a monkey in grandfather's back. The ticket collector was firm and grandfather had to pay 3 rupees for Toto’s ticket. Grandfather was unsuccessful in explaining to the ticket collector that Toto was a monkey and not a dog. He insisted that Toto was not even an animal with four feet. But the ticket collector was firm that Toto fell in the category of dogs. Grandfather had to pay 3 rupees for Toto’s ticket. The writer’s grandmother finally came to know of Toto’s presence in the house. She allotted him space in the stable along with the family donkey Nana. On the first night in the stable, grandfather visited Toto. He found Nana restless, pulling its rope in order to stay away from the heap of hay. In the winter season, Toto enjoyed having a warm bath. He would pretend to be selfish and before starting his bath, he would check the temperature of the water. He would copy the writer and stepped into the tub, one foot at a time. Finally, he would would sit in the water with his face out of it. The writer recollects another incident when Toto created a lot of mischief. At lunchtime, a dish of rice was placed on the dining table. When the family reached to eat, they found Toto eating it. The writer’s grandmother screamed at Toto and In response, he threw a plate at her.When the aunts tried to catch Toto, he threw a glass of water in their face. When the grandfather arrived, Toto left the place through a window with the dish of rice along with him. He sat on a branch of the Jackfruit tree, determined to eat all the rice. As the grandmother had screamed on him, he wanted to annoy her further and so, after eating the rice, he threw the dish. It broke into several pieces. He tore clothes, curtains, wallpapers and broke dishes. Toto’s mischiefs grew by the day and grandfather realized that they could not keep him at home. Finally, he found the same tonga driver and sold Toto back to him for a sum of three rupees Recapitulation The story describes how author’s grandfather was fond of animals. He bought Toto-a monkey- from a tonga driver for five rupees. Once on a tour to Saharanpur in a canvas kit bag with grandfather, he poked his head out and came to notice of ticket collector. Grandfather had to pay three rupees as a fine. Toto was given a shelter near Nana, a family donkey in the stable. But he was pulling its rope in order to stay away from the heap of hay. Toto’s mischiefs grew by the day and grandfather realized that they could not keep him at home. Finally, he found the same tonga driver and sold Toto back to him for a sum of three rupees

NCERT Solution Lesson Architecture 1. NCERT Solution 2. Biography 3. Theme 4. Story At a Glance 5. Recapitulation 6. Short Extra Questions 7. HOTS/Value Based Questions 1. What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? Why does he lag behind? Ans. The child was attracted to the toys and sweets which were displayed at the various stalls. He was further lured by balloons of different colours, garland of gulmohur, a swing and a snakecharmer playing a flute. The child moved forward but once again lagged behind because his eyes were caught by one thing or the other every now and then. 2. In the fair he wants many things. What are they? Why does he move on without waiting for an answer? Ans. The child wants to have toys, garland, balloons of different colours, taste a variety of sweets, and wants to have a ride at the roundabout. He moves on because he knows that his parents will not grant his wishes of buying these things for him. 3. When does he realise that he has lost his way? How have his anxiety and insecurity been described? Ans. He saw a roundabout swing. It was full of men, women and children who were enjoying the ride. Being attracted by it he expressed his desire to have a ride on it. But as he looked around and behind,his parents were nowhere to be seen. The boy cried loudly, jerked his body and ran here and there calling out for his parents. He was full of fear and tears started rolling down his cheeks. 4. Why does the lost child lose interest in the things that he had wanted earlier? Ans. The lost child loses interest in the things he had wanted earlier because he is emotionally drained owing to the loss of his parents. His only priority is to find out his parents. Therefore, all other things of attraction paled into insignificance for the boy. 5. What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents? Ans. I think the stranger who found the boy was compassionate enough to take care of the child. He must have met the management of the fare and asked them to make announcement about the loss of the child. His parents also might have made a frantic search to find their child. TALK ABOUT IT Q. How to ensure not to get lost. Ans. The following are the suggestions to the parents The parents should ensure that the child is always with them. One of the parents must hold the hand of a child while passing through the crowded place. The child should be made to remember the emergency contact number of parents for any adverse situation of separation. The address of the parents with contact numbers should be pinned up on the pocket of the child. The child should be instructed not to eat anything given by a stranger in this situation. The helpline numbers of the police should be available with the parents. Parents should always be vigilant towards their children in a crowded place. BIOGRAPHY Mulk Raj Anand was an author with hundreds of novels, short stories and essays to his name. From an early age, Mulk Raj was pained by the problems of Indian society that stemmed from the issues of religion and caste. Considered a pioneer of the anglo-Indian fiction, he is best remembered for his depiction of the poorer classes of people in India and their plight. He was honored with the Padma Bhushan, India’s third highest civilian award in 1967 for his vast contributions towards the field of Literature & Education. He won the Sahitya Academy Award for his novel ‘The Morning Face’ (1968). His famous books include Untouchables ( 1935), Coolie ( 1936) , Two Leaves and a Bud ( 1937), The Private Life of an Indian Prince ( 1953), The Road ( 1961) etc. THEME The Lost Child is the story of a small child who is lost in a fair while getting engrossed in looking at a roundabout swing. The boy accompanied the fair with his parents and demanded things like sweets, balloons, flowers, swings, etc. Although his father got angry, his mother distracted him towards other things. The story focusses on the filial love and affection that the child shares with his parents. A stranger picks the boy up and hands him over to his parents. STORY- AT- A -GLANCE The story is set in the spring season. A little child was accompanied by his parents to the fair. The child was attracted to the toys which were displayed at the various stalls. As he would be left behind, his parents would call him to come with them. He was attracted to the stalls of toys and sweets. The child moved forward but once again lagged behind because his eyes were caught by one thing or the other every now and then. His mouth watered seeing sweets decorated with gold and silver leaves. He wanted his favourite burfi A group pf dragonflies, black bees and butterflies buzzed around, sucking the nectar from the flowers. The child looked at them as they flew around. A shower of young flowers fell upon the child as he entered the grove, and, forgetting his parents, he began to gather the raining petals in his hands. As the child entered the shady forested area, he was welcomed by a shower of flowers. He forgot his parents and started collecting the petals that had fallen. Just then he heard the cooing of doves and was excited to see them. He started chasing the birds and in the process, the petals fell from his hand. As they neared the village the child could see many other footpaths full of throngs, converging to the whirlpool of the fair, and felt at once repelled and fascinated by the confusion of the world he was entering. As they were about to reach the fair, the child saw huge crowds of people walking from all directions towards the fair. The dense crowd scared him and he stepped back for a while but the next moment, he got attracted to the mind - boggling crowd of humanity. At the entrance of the fair, to one corner, a sweetmeat seller had set up a shop. He was selling various sweets like gulab jamun, rasgulla, burfi and jalebi. As he did not expect that his demand would be fulfilled, he walked further. The next thing that the child came across was a balloon seller selling balloons of different colours of the rainbow. The boy was attracted to the shiny colours of the balloons and wanted to have them all. Then he paused at a snake charmer who was playing a flute and the snake was twisting it’s neck to the music. The boy walked towards the snake charmer but as his parents had warned him to remain away from the unpleasant music played by such men, he walked further. Then he saw the roundabout swing. It was full of men, women and children who were enjoying the ride. The boy watched the people on the roundabout and then with a lot of courage, expressed his desire to go on the roundabout. He looked around and behind but his parents were nowhere to be seen. The boy cried loudly, jerked his body and ran here and there calling out for his parents. He was full of fear and tears started rolling down his cheeks. He saw some people standing and talking and tried to find if his parents were among them. The boy ran towards a temple which was crowded with people. He ran through the legs of men, calling out for his parents. The crowd was pushing each other as he neared the entrance of the temple. As a man got the child out of the crowd, he asked him how he had reached there and what were his parents’ names. The boy cried even more and repeated that he wanted to go to his parents. The man tried to relax the child by taking him to the roundabout swing. He offered him a ride but the child screamed and wept loudly that he wanted his parents. The man took the child to the bright coloured balloons, hoping that he might get cheered by seeing them. He offered a balloon to the child but he turned away and wept for father. The child refused to smell the flowers that he wanted to buy earlier because now, his priority was to get his parents. Finally, the man took him to the sweet meat seller and offered to buy sweets for him. Still, the child did not want his favourite sweet but wanted his parents. The man tried to relax the child by taking him to the roundabout swing. He offered him a ride but the child screamed and wept loudly that he wanted his parents. Recapitulation A child in the company of his parents went to a fair and was attracted to the stalls of toys and sweets in the fair. He wanted burfi ,beautiful garlands of gulmohur , balloons. Then he saw a snake charmer and a roundabout swing. When he asked for his parents’ permission for a ride to the swing, he could discover that his parents were not around. suddenly a stranger took him up in his arms and consoled the weeping child. The man offered him sweets, balloons and garland but the child kept repeating with tears in his eyes, “I want my father, I want my mother.” EXTRA QUESTIONS AND HOTS/VALUE BASED QUESTIONS COMING UP SOON.

A Clause is like a sentence having a subject and a predicate. But unlike a sentence, which has a finite verb, a clause has more than one finite verb. A clause is divided into two parts- Principal clause and Subordinate Clause. If you work hard, you shall get success. Principal/Main Clause: You Shall get success. Subordinate Clause: If you work hard. Clauses are of three types Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Noun Clause: A Noun Clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a noun. Ex: What he said was true/Listen to what I say. Adjective Clause: A subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun- who, whom, whose, which, that etc. Ex: I know the boy who came here. Adverb Clause: A subordinate clause that is introduced by conjunction like after, if, since, till, when , where, unless etc. Ex: He ran away when he saw the police. Functions of Noun Clause 1. Subject of a Verb: Ex: When I shall come is uncertain. 2. Object of a Verb: Ex: I know where he lives. 3. Object of a Preposition: Ex: Please listen to what I say. 4. Complement of a Verb: Ex: Life is what we make it. 5. In apposition to the Noun: Ex: There is a rumour that he won the lottery. 6. In apposition to 'it': Ex: It seems that he is well today. Adjective Clause A subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun- who, whom, whose, which, that, as etc. is called adjective clause. Examples He is a boy who is lazy. It is a place where tourists often come. I could not understand the question that you asked. This is the same book as I gave you. The time when the bus leaves is not known. I know Mohan whose pen is lost. This is the book which belongs to me. Note: Adjective clauses are always followed by a noun or pronoun. This is how you can differentiate an adjective clause from a noun clause. Ex:a) I know where he lives. (Noun clause) b)I know the place where he lives. (Adjective Clause) Adverb Clause Functions of Adverb Clause 1. Adverb Clause of Time Ex: He came when it was raining. 2. Adverb clause of place Ex: Put it where you can find it. 3. Adverb clause of reason Ex: I could not go to school because I was sick. 4. Adverb clause of purpose Ex: John works hard so that he qualifies for the exam. 5. Adverb Clause of result or effect. Ex: He is so weak that he cannot walk. 6. Adverb Claus of Condition Ex: The match will not be held if it rains. 7. Adverb Clause of concession or contrast Ex. He is happy though he is poor.

Auxiliaries are the helping verbs that help the action verbs to make tenses and passive forms. There are two types of Auxilieries- Primary Auxiliaries and Modal Auxiliaries. Primary Auxiliearies include examples like am, is , are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had etc. Modal Auxiliaries, also called Modals are Shall, should, will, would, can , could , may, might, must and ought to.

For the Video Click Here Sameer: Do you know we are studying on whatsapp group nowadays? Plumber: Really so? Our school has also taken recourse to giving assignments on our school app. Sameer: We’ve homework schedule exactly like the regular classroom. There’s no respite from HW/assignments as they are likely to be graded. Plumber: Graded ! Then you can’t get away with it. That’s so nice an initiative. Sameer: Activity based grading is much better than traditional pen paper test. Plumber: Indeed so. That’s what a joyful learning is all about. Sameer: Exactly so. Teachers are also making concept videos of their own and home works are based on the contents from such videos. Plumber: Wow! That’s really impressive. Teachers are slogging out and are on their toes during lockdown phase. Sameer: Exactly, do you know online teaching/assignment has become the new norms for teaching learning process? Plumber: yeah, there’s no way out. That’s the only way we can comply with social distancing norms. Sameer: Some social networking platforms have got instant celebrity status with the surge of online teaching. Plumber: I hope YouTube is ruling the roost among all the social networking sites. Sameer: Exactly, besides YouTube Google Classroom, Google Meet, Zoom and Skype are also in the fray. Plumber: Let’s pray to God to tide over this crisis so that we can get back to normal mode of classroom education. Sameer: Exactly, We hope things limp back to normalcy very shortly. EXPLANATION OF SITUATIONAL VOCABULARY 1. recourse to: something that provides help to. Ex:She recovered without recourse to surgery. Ex: Students take recourse to online learning. 2. respite from : relief from Ex: There is no respite from scorching heat. 3. likely to be: a) expected Ex: Petrol prices are likely to be expensive. b) Promising : She appears to be the likely winner of the reality show. 4. Get away with: to escape Ex: He was lucky to get away with just a minor injury in the accident. 5. slog out: to work hard at something. Ex: Students are slogging out to complete the assignment on time. 6. on toes : very busy. Ex: John is on his toes attending high volume calls. 7 . no way out : no solution. Ex: You must avoid the crowd. There’s no way out. 8.comply with : to obey a rule/order etc Ex: Students complied with lockdown norms. 9. Surge: increase in number/quantity. Ex: There’s a surge of online teaching apps during lockdown. 10. rule the roost: most powerful among the group. Ex: India is ruling the roost in international cricket. 11 in the fray : in competition Ex: Three party workers are in the fray for MLA election. 12. tide over : help someone to come out of difficult situation. Ex: Let’s pray to God to tide us over the COVID 19 crisis.

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Situational Conversation Railway inquiry : Good Morning. How may I help you ? Caller: Could you please inform me when the Rajdhani Express from Delhi is expected to arrive at Nagpur tomorrow? Railway inquiry: It’s usually 7.10 in the morning, sir. Caller: Is it running on time today? Railway inquiry: Just half an hour behind the schedule . It will make up by tomorrow morning. Caller: Is it a daily train or it runs bi-weekly? Railway inquiry: No, Sir. It runs five days a week. Monday to Friday. Caller: Thank you very much. Railway inquiry: Have a Nice day, sir. Expressions to Remember 1.How may I help you ? We Use ‘how may I help you’ in response to a telephone call from a customer to a Hospital Reception, Ticket Counter, Airport, Railway Station, Telephone/ Dish TV helpline. 2.Expected to arrive: We use the term when there is no exact time of arrival. 3. Usually: It means normally. For example, the train normally arrives at 7.10 in the morning. 4.Behind the Schedule: It means something is running late. 5. Make-up : to compensate for the loss. Ex: The train will make -up the loss of time by tonight. 5.Bi-weekly : two days a week.