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Do you Know which kind of relative clause is used in Spoken & Written English? Read to explore. Relative clauses What is a relative clause? A relative clause is part of a sentence which gives information about which person or thing we are talking about. Look at the two examples below. The train was cancelled. We were going to travel in it. (without a relative clause) The train that we were going to travel was cancelled. (With a relative clause) Note: The relative clause tells us which train was cancelled. Defining Relative Clause: A relative clause defines the noun it is talking about. Such a relative clause is called a defining relative clause. Example The train that we were going to travel was cancelled Non-defining Relative Clause: Study the following Sentences: Our train was cancelled. It was going to New Delhi today. ( Without a relative clause) Our train, which was going to New Delhi today, was cancelled. (with a relative clause) If we leave out the highlighted relative clause in the above sentence, the meaning of the sentence does not change. The relative clause does not define which train ( the name of the train) we are talking about. Therefore, we can leave out the relative clause from the sentence as it is not a very essential information in the context of the sentence. Such a relative clause which give us extra information-not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence, is called a non-defining relative clause. Example of Non-defining relative clause from the above sentence: Our train, which was going to New Delhi today, was cancelled. Another Example of Non-defining Relative Clause is My friend’s birthday, which was held last month, was really entertaining. How to identify a non-defining relative clause? In written English there is a comma at the beginning and end of a non-defining relative clause. In spoken English there will be a slight pause before and after the non-defining relative clause. Let’s Recapitulate: Relative clauses give additional information about a noun, such as a person, place or thing. Relative pronouns introduce a relative clause. They represent who for people, that and which for things, when for time, and whose to show possession. Relative clauses belong to one of two categories: defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses. Extra Info: In informal interaction, relative pronouns like who and when are generally replaced with that in defining relative clauses. The man that called this morning was very intelligent. Do you recollect my friend that you first met? The relative pronoun who is used in respect of people. However, in formal written and spoken interaction, if the pronoun refers to the object of the clause, we use whom instead. My Maths teacher, whom I really adored, expired last year. The girl whom I met this morning is a dance teacher. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< End>>>>>>>>>>>

Do you know when are Interrogative pronouns ‘Who’ and ‘ Whom’ used? There is a difference in their usage in Spoken and Written English. Let’s discover….. 1. ‘Who’ is usually used as the object pronoun while asking questions. e.g. Who did you meet in school? Do you know what an Object pronoun is ? Let me explain. We call a pronoun ‘an object pronoun’ when it is used as an object in a sentence. For example, I have seen him in school. Here in this sentence ‘him’ is an object pronoun. Let us now go to the use of ‘Who’ in a different situation. 2. In spoken English we usually make use of ‘who’ and add a preposition at the end of the sentence. For example, Who should I address the letter to? He asked me who I had discussed the matter with. 3. On the other hand, Whom is not used very often in spoken English. The use of whom as the pronoun after prepositions is very formal: It means In a very formal context ( written or spoken) we can use ‘whom’ preceded by a preposition as shown in the example. a)To whom should I report the matter? b)He asked me with whom I had discussed it. c) To whom did you speak yesterday? 4. Who is a personal pronoun in a relative clause and can be used as the subject or object. The person who lives next to me is very honest. (who is the subject) Sam is a teacher who you met yesterday. (who is the object) 5. Whom is always the object in a sentence. It represents a person that is the object of the relative clause. Whom is mostly formal and mostly used in a written style. For example, the person whom I met yesterday informed me everything in detail. 6. In defining relative clauses the object pronoun whom is not often used. You can either use who or that, or leave out the pronoun completely. Let us understand with the help of an example. The family __________ I met at the airport were very kind.(who/that/whom). You can either write The family who I met at the airport were very kind. Or you can also write the family that I met at the airport were very kind. Or, You can leave out who or that completely and say The family I met at the airport were very kind. This structure is very common in informal spoken English context. 7 . In non-defining relative clauses ‘who’ in informal context and whom in formal situations is used. But like in defining relative clause we do not use…... ‘that’ …...in non-defining clause and the pronoun cannot be left out: Let us understand with an example. Ex: Our doctor, who/whom we all liked very much, retired last week. We can use who or whom in a more formal context in this sentence. Remember that this pattern is not used very much in spoken English. Do watch our concept video on Defining and Non-defining relative Clauses. Let us recap now. Whom asks about a person but only when it is an object - it's an object pronoun. It's quite formal and it's used more in writing whereas ‘who’ is used both as a subject and as an object in a sentence. ‘Who’ is used mostly in spoken English with a preposition at the end of a sentence. <<<<<<<<<<<< End >>>>>>>>>>>>>

Solve the following questions from 'First Flight' & 'Footprint Without Feet.' Q1. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow . They were beckoning to him, calling shrilly. He dropped his legs to stand on the green sea. His legs sank into it. He screamed with fright and attempted to rise again flapping his wings. But he was tired and weak with hunger and he could not rise, exhausted by the strange exercise. His feet sank into the green sea, and then his belly touched it and he sank no farther. He was floating on it, and around him his family was screaming, praising him and their beaks were offering him scraps of dog – fish. He had made his first fight. (i) Name the lesson from which this extract has been taken. (ii) What was the ‘green flooring’ on which his brothers and sister had landed? (iii) What was the young seagull’s first experience of the sea ? (iv) Which word in the passage means the same as ‘summoning or luring by silent signal ? Q2. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow : My father, the most adorable father I ‘ve ever seen , didn’t marry my mother until he was thirty six and she was twenty –five. My sister Margot was born in Frankfurt in Germany in 1926. I was born on 12th June 1929. I lived in Frankfurt until I was four. My father emigrated to Holland in 1933. My mother , Edith Hollander Frank, went with him to Holland in September, while Margot and I were sent to Aachen to stay with our grandmother. (i) Who is the narrator ? (ii) Why were the narrator and her sister sent to Aachen ? (iii) When was the narrator born ? (iv) Find the word from the passage which means ‘ to leave one’s own country to live in another country’. Q3. Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most appropriate options from those given . (Attempt any two ) I . He should be lurking in shadow, Sliding through long grass Near the water hole Where plump deer pass (a) The tiger is moving through (i) the circus (ii) the cage/zoo (iii) the jungle (iv) the long grass (b) The tiger lies in wait near the water hole – (i) waiting for deer (ii) to drink water (iii) to catch fishes (iv) all of the above (d) The word plump shows that deer referred to are – (i) weak (ii) strong (iii) fat (iv) all of the above Q4. What is the boy now , who has lost his ball, What , what is he to do ? I saw it go Merrily bouncing, down the street , and then Merrily over – there it is in the water ! (a) The boy has lost – (i) the ball which he was playing with (ii) the glass of water (iii) his school bag (iv) all of the above (b) It fell down (i) into the water (ii) into the well (iii) into the drainage (iv) none of the above (c) At the loss of his ball the boy felt – (i) happy and gay (ii) adventurous (iii) grieved and helpless (iv) none of these Q5. Don’t bite your nails, Amanda ! Don’t hunch your shoulders, Amanda ! Stop that slouching and sit up straight, Amanda ! (a) The speaker wants Amanda (i) to learn bad manners (ii) to enjoy (iii) to learn good habits (iv) all of the above (b) The speaker is – (i) Amanda’s teacher (ii) Amanda’s father (iii) Amanda’s Tennis coach (iv) Amanda’s mother (c) The word from the passage which means the same as ‘erect’ is – (i) fast (ii) straight (iii) hunch (iv) slouching Q6. Answer any three of the following questions in 40-50 word each. (a) What did Lencho write to God in his first letter ? (b) Why did Mandela join African National Congress ? What did he gain ? What did he lose ? (c) Why was the young seagull alone on his ledge ? (d) ‘Paper has more patience than people ‘. Elucidate. Q7. Answer the following question in about 80 words. (a) Was Anne an intelligent girl ? Support your answer giving instances. OR (b) Did they get a reply ? who was more anxious for a reply, Peggy or Maddie ? How do you know ? Q8. Answer the following question in about 80 words. Do you think there are parents like Mrs. Pumphrey? What kind of parent is she ? OR Write a character sketch of Anil? Answer Key will be published once you submit the answers. Visitor students from elsewhere can text me on Chatbox of the website. I shall directly send you answerkey on chatbox.

Listen to our podcasts on following platforms. Refer to worksheet below: This is a part of ASL activity in syllabus by CBSE. Listen to the Podcasts Here Listening Worksheet 5 Podcast Name: Effect of Technology on Youth' On the Basis of your listening the podcast ' Effect of Technology on Youth' answer the following questions. Q1 Fill the following blanks (a) Joint families foster the ties between ________ (b) Nuclear families grow up with ________ (c) Today, Indian youth have become ________ (d) Business process outsourcing(BPO) has brought ________ Q2. Answer the following questions: (a) Which system fosters strong family ties ? (b) What are some of the good aspects of western culture ? Listening Worksheet 6 Podcast Name: AN HOUR BEFORE EXAMINATION Q1. On the basis of your reading of the passage, complete the following statements. (a) The weak students face unnecessary panic and excitement due to -----------------------------. (b) The common aim of the students is ------------------ (c) An hour before the examinations, the students are seen ---------- (d) Some students are quite confident and are not frightened by uncommon happening because __________ . Q2 The two apt saying in the above passage are (a) --------------- (b) ------------- Transcript/Text of the Podcast 5 Transcript/Text of the Podcast 6 Answer Key of the Podcasts 5 & 6

Solve the following topics from the worksheet to Enhance your Grammar Score in English Contents: Gap Filling Editing Errors Reported Speech Reordering of Sentences Q1 & Q2 Gap Filling Exercise Q3 & Q4 Editing Errors & Reordering of Sentences Q5. Reported Speech Patient : doctor, I keep seeing dinosaurs with orange spots. Doctor : Have you seen an eye doctor ? Patient : No, I just saw dinosaurs with orange spots. The patient told the doctor (a) _____ dinosaurs with orange spots. The doctor asked him (b) _____ The patient replied that he had not and added (c) ______ Note: Password protected answer key is available for download. After you complete your worksheet, you need to text me on chat box on my website. I shall text you the password to open the answer key.

Solve the following worksheet and check your answer from the answer key given at the end. Q1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by writing the options that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet. After retiring as the director of a multinational company, he had found the greatest pleasure of life in reading books on India’s culture, literature, and on India’s vast wealth of trees and plants. He could talk endlessly on the applications of each and every part of the neem tree in Indian medicine. The seed oil and soap made from it can be used very effectively in every skin disease like ulcers, ringworms, and in rheumatism. The bark is used as tincture. People say it is beneficial in malaria as well. Grandpa always used the fresh tender twigs to clean his teeth and the children of the house learnt to do so Grandma and mother always kept dried neem leaves in books, paper and clothes to protect them. ‘Neem begun’ or leaves of neem fried with pieces of brinjal, was a favourite dish of the whole family, which was eaten as a prevention for pox. In his childhood, once grandpa had had smallpox and his mother would comfort his burning skin with neem leaves. (a) For which purpose can the seed oil of neem be used ? (i) teeth (ii) to grow brinjal (iii) skin diseases like ulcers, ringworms and rheumatism (iv) for burning skin (b) Which disease is cured by its bark ? (i) smallpox (ii) tincture (iii) rheumatism (iv) malaria (c) Why were neem leaves kept in books, paper and clothes ? (i) to protect them (ii) to colour them (iii) to smell them (iv) as a part of culture (d) Which disease had grandpa got in his childhood ? (i) burning skin (ii) smallpox (iii) ulcer (iv) ringworms (e) Which word in the passage means the same as to `stop something happening’ ? (i) applications (ii) tincture (iii) prevention (iv) favourite Q2. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by writing the options that you consider the most appropriate in your answer sheet Metro Rail is undoubtedly a blessing for Delhites. It has given them freedom from many discomforts of travelling on the road. It has offered a clean and comfortable alternative at affordable prices. Metro is a giant step in giving Delhi the look of a modern city. The Metro Stations are clean, the service punctual and dependable. People have learned to use escalators, to walk in a line. Compare a journey by metro to one by a bus, a three wheeler or a car. In Metro, you are spared the interminable delays at traffic lights, the impolite blowing of horns and above all the nauseating fumes from other vehicles. Even if you have to stand and travel in Metro there is no pushing or jostling. If you are a senior citizen, invariably you are offered a seat by a middle aged person. In any case, the air conditioning saves you from the sweltering, exhausting heat on the roads. It is upto Delhites to keep this beautiful service clean and comfortable. They should be as proud of their Metro as Kolkatans are of theirs. (a) What has Metro Rail given to Delhites ? (i) traffic lights (ii) freedom from discomforts of road travelling (iii) nauseating fumes (iv) jostling (b) Who has given Delhi the look of a modern city ? (i) metro (ii) buses (iii) air-conditions in the Metro Rail (iv) escalators (c) How do people treat senior citizens in a Metro ? (i) do not leave seat for them (ii) make them keep standing (iii) offer them a seat (iv) make them walk in a line (d) Who are expected to keep this Metro Rail Clean and comfortable ? (i) Employees (ii) Metromen (iii) Kolkatans (iv) Delhiites (e) Which word in the passage means the same as `free from doubts or confusion’? (i) alternative (ii) undoubtedly (iii) exhausting (iv) comfortable Q3. Read the poem given below and answer the questions that follow: Q4. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: The sound of roaring laughter is more contagious than a cough, a cold or any other infectious disease. It binds people together and increases happiness. Research has shown that, in addition to bringing joy and amusement, laughter triggers healthy physical changes in the body. It exercises the heart, the lungs and the abdominal muscles. It strengthens the immune system, boosts energy, diminishes pain and protects one from the bad effects of stress. It is a medicine that comes free, is enjoyable and is easy to use. The healing powers of laughter became known by the fourteenth century. But more specific research on the benefits of laughter began only in the twentieth century. Norman cousins wrote in a medical journal about how he was diagnosed with a severe spine problem. The doctor told him that there were no chances of recovery and he would live only for a few months. He left hospital and checked into a hotel. He took large doses of vitamin C and watched humorous films. He found that ten minutes of hearty laughter gave him at least two hours of pain-free sleep. (a) What does laughter bind ? (b) Which parts of the body are being benefited by laughter ? (c) Who was diagnosed with severe spine problem ? (d) What did Norman Cousins do to get pain free sleep ? (e) Which word in the passage means the same as `spreading by contact’? Note: The answer key is password protected. You need to text me on chat box on this website after you complete the worksheet. I shall text you the answer key on chat box. AVN students can also contact your English teacher for answer key after you solve the worksheet.

Read the Passages given below and select the correct option as your answer. Q1. Global Warming Global warming is the warming near the earth’s surface that results when the earths’ atmosphere traps the sun’s heat. The earth is getting warmer. The changes are small , so far , but they are expected to grow and speed up. Within the next fifty to one hundred years, the earth may be hotter than it has been in the past million years. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will affect weather everywhere, plants and animals everywhere, people everywhere ; humans are warming the earth’s atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forests and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat trapping gases into the air. One major cause of global warming is the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas that were formed from the remains of plant material deposited during the earth’s carboniferous period. We have known for only a few thousand years that coal, oil, and natural gas can be burned to provide energy. It was not until the mid – 1800’s, however that we began to burn very large quantities of these fossil fuels. The worldwide consumption of fossil fuel has increased dramatically. Unfortunately , burning fossil fuels is not the only thing that we humans are doing to increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Q2. Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate option for your answer. An Independence Day is an annual celebration commemorating the anniversary of a nation’s assumption of independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a colony or part of another state, more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Most countries honour their respective independence day as a national holiday. On 15 August 1947 , India attained freedom from the British Rule. Every year, August 15 is celebrated as the Independence Day in India. This national festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm all over the country. The Independence Day of any country is a moment of pride and glory. On this special occasion, rich tributes are paid to the freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives and fought to free their motherland from the clutches of the oppressors – British who ruled the country. The British had initially come for trade but gradually took over the total administration of the country. At the strike of midnight of the August 15, 1947 ,India shook off the shackles of British Rule and became free. It was a night of celebration all over the country. Q3. Read the following poem and answer the questions that follow: (a) What has happened to poet’s wisdom ? (b) What has allured the poet when he was flying above the world ? (c) Who did slap him ? (d) What did the poet try but could not do ? (e) Find the word from the poem which means the same as ‘intelligence’. Q4. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : Health is Wealth ! People have been conscious of maintaining a healthy body and keeping fit. The present generation is going through a lot of stress , tension and competition in their personal and professional lives. Many of us try to follow a regular exercise regime, but sometimes diet is not taken care of or vice versa. And many of us are working in offices, which results in sitting and working for long hours. Thus it leads to lack of physical activity and thus we tend to put on weight. Also we travel by our own vehicle to our place of work. And most of the home makers also have the latest gadgets at home or they employ maids to do the routine house work. I have tried to plan my diet, eating at the right time. I eat non-vegetarian only once in a week , try to eat green vegetables, leafy vegetables, pulses, chappatis & very less rice. I try to avoid deeply fried foodstuffs and also too many snacks. Instead I try to drink fresh fruit juices, eat fresh fruits, salads and avoid sweets. Then I make it a point to avoid tea & coffee. Instead I try to drink milk and eat curds daily. (a) What has the present generation been going through ? (b) What is the main cause of putting on weight ? (c) What does the writer avoid to take ? (d) What does the writer prefer to drink in place of tea and coffee ? (e) Trace a word from the passage which means the same as ‘ strain or pressure’ . Note: The answer key of the above worksheet is password protected. You need to text me on chat box on my website after you complete your worksheet. I shall text you the password of the answer key document. (For Visiting Students) AVN students can also request your English teachers for the password after you complete your worksheet.

Solve the questions given below to enhance your grammar score in the Exam. Q1. Choose the most appropriate options from the ones given below to complete the following passage. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do not copy the whole passage. Q2. Choose the most appropriate options from the ones given below to complete the passage. Write your answers in your answer sheet with the correct answer. Do not copy the whole passage. Q3. Read the dialogue given below and complete the report that follows. Write your answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Sachin : Can you give me a ticket for The Taj Express ? Clerk : You are lucky as there is only one seat left Sachin : How much shall I pay for it ? Clerk : Three hundred rupees only. Sachin asked the clerk (a)____________________for the Taj Express. The clerk replied (b)_______________. Sachin inquired of him (c)_______________. The clerk said that he should pay three hundred rupees only for that. Q4. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet as shown in the example. Q5. Rearrange the words and phrases given below to form meaningful sentences. Write your answers in the answer sheet against the correct numbers. (a) best/Sachin Tendulkar/the/batsman/is (b) democracy/ India/ well/its/known/is/for (c) recently/ Delhi/were /in/elections/MCD/held You can download the answer key below and check your answer.

Solve the following Integrated Exercises and Enhance your score in Exam 1. Choose the most appropriate options from the ones given below to complete the following passage. Write the answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Do not copy the whole passage. This made the frogs very sad (a)___________ they were helpless. They (b) __________ not fight the leopard (c) ____________ take anything from him by force. They just looked pitifully (d) _________ him and requested him to give something to them also or they would die (e) __________ hunger, but the leopard told (f) _______ sternly to keep quiet. (a) (i) so (ii) but (iii) and (iv) because (b) (i) could (ii) can (iii) would (iv) may (c) (i) and (ii) so (iii) or (iv) nor (d) (i) out (ii) for (iii) after (iv) at (e) (i) from (ii) by (iii) of (iv) through (f) (i) he (ii) them (iii) him (iv) they 2. Choose the most appropriate options from the ones given below to complete the passage. Write your answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers Do not copy the whole passage. A lack of (a) __________ as well as a need to (b) ________ the good name of the family often (c) ___________the elderly to come forward and (d) __________cases of abuse, thus compounding the problem. (e) __________ wants to say that they are being abused by their children. Statistics show that a shocking 92% of the elderly would (f) _________ to keep silent and take the abuse than report the matter to the police. (a) (i) aware (ii) awareness (iii) awareful (iv) awared (b) (i) protective (ii) protection (iii) protectively (iv) protect (c) (i) preventing (ii) prevent (iii) prevents (iv) prevention (d) (i) report (ii) reporting (iii) reporter (iv) reports (e) (i) Somebody (ii) Anybody (iii) Nobody (iv) Everybody (f) (i) prefer (ii) preferrence (iii) prefers (iv) preferring 3. Read the dialogue given below and complete the report that follows. Write your answers in your answer sheet against the correct blank numbers. Monu : Give me Rs.200. I need the amount very urgently. Sonu : What is the urgency ? Monu : I have to return you Rs.200 that I took from you last month. Monu requested Sonu (a)__________very urgently. Sonu asked (b) __________ Monu replied (c) __________. 4. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against which a blank is given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your answer sheet against the correct blank number as given in the example. Remember to underline the word you have supplied. Answer Key is available Note: After you solve the above worksheet, you need to text me on Google classroom or on chat box on my website. I shall send you the password to open the answer key.

Revise the following important questions from Poetry Segment. Dust of Snow. Revise the poem by clicking here How does Frost present nature in his poem? What do the ‘crow’ and ‘hemlock’ represent joy or sorrow? What does the dust of snow that the crow shakes off a hemlock tree stand for? Fire & Ice. Revise the poem by clicking here For Frost, what do ‘fire’ and ‘ice’ stand for? How will the world perish one day according to the poet? Amanda. Revise the poem by clicking here. 1. Is Amanda an orphan? Why does she say so? 2. What does the girl yarn for? What does this poem tell you about Amanda? Or Why does Amanda imagine a world of her own making? Explain all that she imagines in the poem. Animals. Revise the poem by clicking here. 1.Mention any three things that humans do and animals don't. 2.What are the 'tokens' that the poet says he may have dropped long ago, and which the animals have kept for him? 3.How are the animals superior to humans according to the poet? <<<<<<< Good Luck>>>>>>>