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Practise the Reading Comprehension Worksheet of Board PYQ & Ace your Marks in Board Exams. Q1. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow : Mankind’s fascination with gold is as old as civilization itself. The ancient Egyptians held gold in high esteem. Gold had religious significance for them, and King Tutankhamen was buried in a solid gold coffin 3300 years ago. The wandering Israelites worshipped a golden calf, and the legendary King Midas asked that whatever he touched be turned into gold. Not only is gold beautiful, but it is virtually indestructible. It will not rust or corrode. Gold coins and products fabricated from the metal have survived undamaged for centuries. Gold is extremely easy to work with. One ounce, which is about the size of a cube of sugar, can be beaten into a sheet nearly 100 square feet in size, and becomes so thin that light can pass through it. An ounce of gold can also be stretched into a wire 50 miles long. Gold conducts electricity better than any other substance except copper and silver, and it is particularly important in modern electronic industry. People have always longed to possess gold. Unfortunately, this longing has also brought out the worst in human character. The Spanish conquerors robbed palaces, temples and graves and killed thousands of people in their ruthless search for gold. Even today, the economy of South Africa’s gold mines depend largely on the employment of black labourers who are paid about 40 pounds a month, plus boarding and lodging. They work in conditions that can only be described as cruel. About 400 miners die in South Africa each year. Much of the gold’s value lies in its scarcity. Only about 80,000 tons have been mined in the history of the world. All of it can be stored in a vault 60 feet square, or a super tanker. Great Britain was the first country to adopt the gold standard, when the Master of the Mint, Sir Issac Newton, established a fixed price for gold in 1717. The discovery of gold in the last half of the nineteenth century in California, (1848) and later in Australia and South Africa changed everything. Before the discovery, there wasn’t enough gold around for all the trading nations to link their currencies to the precious metal. An out-of-work prospector named George Harrison launched South Africa into the gold age in 1886 when he discovered the metal in a farm near what is now Johannesburg. Harrison was given a 12 pounds reward by the farmer. He then disappeared and was eaten by a lion. One of the biggest gold mining areas in the Soviet Union is the Kolyma River region, once infamous for its prison camp. The camp has gone, but in a way nothing has changed. Many ex-prisoners have stayed on to work in the mines and are supervised by ex-guards. Despite the current rush to buy gold, 75 percent of the metal goes into making jewellery. Italy is the biggest consumer of gold for this purpose, and many Italian jewellers even tear up their wooden floors and burn them to recover the tiny flecks of gold. Historically, the desire to hoard gold at home has been primarily an occupation of the working and peasant classes, who have had no faith in paper money. George Bernard Shaw defended their instincts eloquently, “You have to choose between trusting the natural stability of the honesty and intelligence of the members of the government,” he said “and with due respect to these gentlemen, I advise to vote for gold.” Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below. (i) When was King Tutankhamen buried ? (a) 1717 (b) 1886 (c) 3300 years ago (d) 1848 (ii) Why did Egyptians hold gold in great esteem ? (a) because it is a good conductor of electricity. (b) because of its religious significance. (c) for lovely gold ornaments. (d) because it is indestructible. (iii) According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true ? (a) Gold is the best conductor of electricity. (b) Apart from gold, copper and silver are good conductors of electricity. (c) Gold can be easily beaten, hence it is easy to work with. (d) Gold plays an important role in the modern electronics industry. (iv) Select the option that displays what the writer projects, with reference to the following. The wandering Israelites worshipped a golden calf _______. (a) importance of religion (b) importance of the metal (c) good conductor (d) can replace money (v) How were the black labourers exploited ? (vi)  Complete the following with the phrase from paragraph 1 : Opinion Reason King Tutankhamen was buried in a solid gold coffin 3300 years ago. (vii) Based on your reading of the text, list 2 reasons why the writer says that, Not only is gold beautiful but it is virtually indestructible. ________________________ ________________________ (viii) Who launched South Africa into the gold age ? (a) Issac Newton (b) George Harrison (c) George Bernard Shaw (d) A farmer (ix) Select the option that corresponds to the analogy from the following sentence The ancient Egyptians and the modern electronic industry both hold gold in high esteem. (a) The hardworking student came first because of his diligent practice. (b) Modesty is discredited whereas strategy is appreciated. (c) The vibrant colours made the interiors look luminous. (d) The steaming food was both appetizing and tasty. (X) Supply one point to justify the following : The desire to hoard gold at home has been primarily an occupation of the working and peasant classes. Answer Key (i) (c)3300 years ago. (ii) (b) because of its religious significance. (iii) (a) Gold is the best conductor of electricity (iv) ( a) importance of religion / (b) importance of the metal. (v) Paid only 40 pounds a month with boarding and lodging and worked under cruel conditions. (vi) held gold in high esteem / gold had religious significance (vii) (any two) (i) does not rust / corrode (ii) Gold coins have survived undamaged for centuries (iii) gold was easy to work with (viii) (b) George Harrison (ix) (b) Modesty is discredited  whereas strategy is appreciated. (x) They don’t have faith in paper money. Q2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow : Starting Monday, the country’s low-cost Mars mission with the red planet for an extended period will enter the “blackout” phase snapping communication with the satellite. From June 8 to 22 the Sun will block Mars from the Earth snapping communication with the satellite. A senior Indian Space Research Organisation official said. “This will be for the first time that there will be a communication break for such a long period of about 15 days. During this period, there will be no communication with the satellite”, he added. Expressing confidence about regaining control over the satellite once the blackout phase is over, he said, “the scenario has been tested and the line of communication will be established.” The spacecraft’s life has been extended for another six months in March due to surplus fuel. Stating that the spacecraft has been “configured” for the blackout, the ISRO official said, “we are not sending any commands to the spacecraft now, till 8th June few hours of signals will be sent by the spacecraft that will be for about two to three hours per day”. In May next year, the mission will have to go through a similar phase once again, if there is another extension of mission life when the Earth will come between the Sun and Mars. Scripting space history, India on September 24 last successfully placed its low-cost Mars spacecraft in orbit around the red planet in its very first attempt, breaking into an elite club of three countries. (i) Infer one reason for the following based on information in paragraph 1. The ‘blackout’ phase is significant _______. (ii) Choose the appropriate option to fill in the blank. From paragraph 1 & 2, we can infer that there will be ________ 1. no communication with the people. 2. blackout phase. 3. satellite will get no communication. 4. moon will block the earth. 5. the communication break will be for 15 days. (a) 1, 2 & 3 (b) 1, 3 & 4 (c) 2, 3 & 5 (d) 3, 4 & 5 (iii) The communication with the satellite will break for approximately _____ days. (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25 (iv) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phase from paragraph 2 : aroma : cooking : : _______ : space research (Clue – just like aroma is integral to cooking, similarly _____ is/are integral to Space Research.) (v) According to ISRO official till 8th July, when Sun will block Mars, _____ signal / signals per day will be sent to the spacecraft. (a) no (b) considerable (c) indefinite (d) only for few (vi) Select the correct option to complete the following sentence : The ISRO officials are _____ about their control over the spacecraft after the blackout phase. (a) doubtful (b) apprehensive (c) confident d) jittery (vii) The spacecraft’s life was extended by six months because of (a) extra fuel (b) incomplete work (c) lack of communication amongst ISRO officials (d) technical problems in its landing (viii) Read the following sentences : (A) The blackout was a sudden development. (B) Because of this, the officials are very nervous about the success of the spacecraft. (a) Both (A) & (B) are true. (b) Both (A) & (B) are false. (c) (A) is true and (B) is false. (d) (A) is false and (B) is true. (ix) Substitute the word ‘nonpareil’ with one word similar in meaning in the following sentence from paragraph 5. India managed to get into the nonpareil club of Mars spacecraft in orbit. (x) The phrase 'snapping communication'  in the context of a satellite in Para 1 means the same as: A) Disconnecting B) Strengthening C) Extending D) Stabilising Answer Key (i) no communication / snapping communication (ii) (c) 2, 3 and 5 (iii) (b) 15 (iv) Satellite / Indian Space Research Organisation / communication with satellite (v) (a) no (vi) (c) confident (vii) (a) extra fuel (viii) (b) both (A) and (B) are false. (ix) elite (x) A) Disconnecting Buy All our PDFs

Word-Meanings, Paraphrase, Background Info, CBQs Background Information Author: Vikram Seth is an acclaimed Indian poet, novelist, and essayist known for his versatile writing style and ability to blend humor with serious themes. He has received numerous awards, including the Sahitya Akademi Award and the Padma Shri. Publication: "The Tale of Melon City" is a poem from Seth's collection titled The Frog and the Nightingale , published in 1994. The collection is known for its witty and satirical portrayal of human nature and societal issues. Setting: The poem is set in an imaginary kingdom, which allows for a fantastical exploration of governance and justice. This fictional backdrop enables the author to comment on real-world political issues without directly referencing specific locations or historical contexts. Themes: Absurdity of Justice: The poem humorously critiques how justice can become absurd and disconnected from fairness. The narrative illustrates how rulers may prioritize public opinion over true justice. Public Opinion vs. Authority: The conflict between the desires of the people and the authority of the king highlights the complexities of governance. It demonstrates how leaders can become prisoners of public sentiment. Irony and Satire: The poem employs irony to expose the foolishness of political decisions, suggesting that those in power can often make ludicrous choices that lead to comical outcomes. Narrative Style: The poem employs a narrative style that blends humor and moral lessons. It is written in a light-hearted tone but carries a deeper message about the nature of power and justice. Cultural Context: While it addresses universal themes, the poem can also be viewed as a commentary on the political climate in India, particularly regarding the absurdities that can arise within bureaucratic systems. Significance: "The Tale of Melon City" stands out as a satirical work that encourages readers to reflect on the nature of justice and the dynamics of power. Its enduring relevance and humour continue to resonate with audiences today. Explanation of the Poem Text (Line 1-10) In the city of which I sing There was a just and placid King. The King proclaimed an arch should be Constructed, that triumphally Would span the major thoroughfare To edify spectators there. The workmen went and built the thing. They did so since he was the King. The King rode down the thoroughfare To edify spectators there. Difficult Words : Placid : Calm and peaceful. Proclaimed : Announced officially. Arch : A curved structure that spans an opening. Thoroughfare : A main road or public highway. Edify : To instruct or improve someone morally or intellectually. Explanation : The poem begins with the narrator introducing a city ruled by a king who is described as just and calm. The king decides that a grand arch should be built across the main street to celebrate something important. Lines 11-20 Under the arch he lost his crown. The arch was built too low. A frown Appeared upon his placid face. The King said, ‘This is a disgrace . The chief of builders will be hanged.’ The rope and gallows were arranged. The chief of builders was led out. He passed the King. He gave a shout, ‘O King, it was the workmen’s fault’ ‘Oh!’ said the King, and called a halt Difficult Words : Workmen : Labourers or builders. Disgrace : A state of dishonour or shame. Frown : A facial expression showing disapproval or worry. Hanged : Executed by being suspended by the neck. Gallows : A structure used for hanging people. Halt : To stop. Explanation : The workers build the arch as ordered by the king because he is their ruler. When the king rides beneath the arch to see it, he loses his crown because the arch is too low. Seeing the arch’s low height is a disgrace to the king. He angrily decides that the chief builder should be punished by hanging. Preparations for the execution are made. The chief builder protests as he is taken out for punishment, claiming that it was the workmen’s fault. The king pauses to consider this new information. Lines 21- 30 To the proceedings. Being just (And placider now) he said, ‘I must Have all the workmen hanged instead.’ The workmen looked surprised, and said, ‘O King, you do not realise The bricks were made of the wrong size.’ ‘Summon the masons !’ said the King. The masons stood there quivering . ‘It was the architect ...’, they said, The architect was summoned. Difficult Words : proceedings : The process of carrying out an action or series of actions. masons : Workers skilled in building with stone or brick. quivering Trembling or shaking with fear. architect : the person responsible for designing the arch that caused the king's crown to fall. Explanation The king, feeling just, decides to hold off on the execution because he wants to find out the truth. He then orders the workmen to be punished instead. The workmen are surprised and explain that the bricks they received were of the wrong size. The king then decides to summon the masons (stone workers). The masons, feeling frightened, admit that the fault lies with the architect, who designed the arch. The king then summons the architect to answer for the mistake. Lines 31- 40 ‘Well, architect,’ said His Majesty. ‘I do ordain that you shall be Hanged.’ Said the architect, ‘O King, You have forgotten one small thing. You made certain amendments to The plans when I showed them to you.’ The King heard this. The King saw red . In fact he nearly lost his head; But being a just and placid King He said, ‘This is a tricky thing . Difficult Words : ordain To order or decree something officially. amendments : Changes or modifications. saw red : became furious. placid: the king as calm, composed, and undisturbed, even in situations that would normally provoke anger or frustration. tricky thing: The king is in a dilemma because, as the ruler, he cannot easily admit his own mistake, but he still needs to assign blame and maintain his image as a just king. This makes the situation "tricky" for him. Despite the absurdity of the events around him (like the falling crown), the king remains tranquil, reflecting his laid-back or passive approach to governance. Explanation When the architect is brought in, he points out that the king himself made changes to the original plans that he had approved. The king realizes his mistake and gets very angry. The king is furious and almost loses his temper, but remembering his duty as a just ruler, he decides to seek advice from the wisest man in the kingdom. Lines 41- 50 I need some counsel . Bring to me The wisest man in this country.’ The wisest man was found and brought, Nay, carried, to the Royal Court. He could not walk and could not see, So old (and therefore wise) was he — But in a quavering voice he said, ‘The culprit must be punished. Truly, the arch it was that banged The crown off , and it must be hanged’. Difficult Words : counsel: Advice or guidance. Nay, carried, to the Royal Court. The wisest man, despite being too weak to walk, is still relied upon for important advice, highlighting the absurdity of the situation & satirical tone of the poem. The phrase 'Royal court' is ironical here. So old (and therefore wise) was he: The irony in "So old (and therefore wise) was he"  lies in the assumption that just because the man is old, he is automatically wise. This highlights the absurd belief that age alone guarantees wisdom, even though his advice proves to be absurd and unhelpful. Explanation : The wisest man is brought to the king's court, but he is very old and cannot see or walk properly. In a shaky voice, he suggests punishing the arch since it caused the crown to fall. As the king agrees to this idea, a councillor points out the absurdity of punishing the arch, as it is an object and cannot be hanged. The king realizes the crowd is becoming restless. To be continued

Lesson Architecture Introduction Theme Lesson-At-A-Glance Line-by-Line Explanation Difficult Words Allusions & References Cultural Context Contextual Phrases NCERT Solution Competency-Based Questions Introduction The Proposal is a one-act comedy by the renowned Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. Set in a rural Russian estate, the play revolves around the absurdity of social conventions and the trivial disputes that often overshadow serious matters, particularly in the lives of the upper class. The story follows Ivan Lomov, a nervous and hypochondriacal landowner, who visits his neighbour, Stepan Chubukov, with the intention of proposing marriage to Chubukov’s daughter, Natalya Stepanovna. Although he arrives in formal attire, signaling the importance of his visit, his nerves get the better of him. As Lomov attempts to declare his intentions, a series of comical misunderstandings and heated arguments arise over seemingly trivial matters, such as the ownership of a piece of land called Oxen Meadows and the qualities of their respective dogs. The arguments escalate to the point where the characters forget the purpose of Lomov's visit, highlighting the absurdity of their social interactions. The play explores themes of love, marriage, and the absurdity of human behaviour, showcasing how the characters' obsession with property and social status can lead to ridiculous conflicts. Chekhov's sharp wit and keen observation of human nature make The Proposal a timeless piece that humorously critiques the social norms of his time. As you read or watch the play, consider how the characters’ actions reflect their personalities and societal expectations, and think about what Chekhov might be saying about relationships and the nature of conflict. Theme: This story is a one-act farcical play depicting the norm among wealthy families in nineteenth-century Russia for marriage alliance with wealthy families. Such ties are of utmost importance because they made good economic sense. Love and romance did not hold a prominent place in such marriages of convenience. The play also highlights on the conflict and differences of opinion that underlies the husband-wife relationship. Lesson-At-A-Glan ce: Ivan Vassilevitch is a landowner and neighbour of Stephan Stepanovitch Chubukov and his daughter Natalya. Mr. Ivan comes to visit Chubukov to ask for the hand of his daughter in marriage. Chubukov is ecstatic and says how he had always loved Lomov as his own son. Chubukov's hypocrisy is exposed when he goes in to call Natalya, saying that a merchant has come for his goods. Lomov is thirty-five and needs a quiet and regular life for he suffers from palpitations and other symptoms of a weak heart. He thinks that Natalya would suit him as she is not bad-looking , well-educated and an excellent housekeeper. When Natalya comes to meet him, they start quarrelling over a piece of land. Natalya insists that it belongs to her family while Lomov maintains that it was only given for use to their peasants for forty years by his aunt's grandmother. The argument between Natalya and Lomov became intense and when Chubukov joins them, the argument became further heated till Lomov leaves the place. On hearing the news that Lomov came to propose to her , Natalya lapses into hysterics and sends her father to bring Lomov back in her house. As soon as Lomov comes back, he complains of his heart and other ailments. Natalya apoligizes to him and agrees with him that Oxen Meadows are his . Natalya does so becasue she perceives an oppportunity to gain ev en more land and wealth by marrying the rich Lomov. Natalya now indulges in another fight over their dogs. They fight over whose dog is better. Their quarrel makes them blind to the real issue at hand-the need to come together and unite through marriage for economic advantage. In the process of quarrelling Lomov's nerves seem to have broken down and he collapses. When Natalya presumes Lomov to be dead, she becomes hysterical again. Fortunately enough, it is just a faint and Lomov soon comes to senses. Natalya' s father does not waste time any further and he forces Natalya and Lomov to kiss as soon as Lomov comes to senses. Chubukov calls for champagne to celebrate what he calls the beginning of 'domestic bliss'. Natalya and Lomov are now a married couple and Chubukov is relieved to finally have his daughter off his shoulders. Line-Line Explanation of the Original Text Original : Lomov enters, wearing a dress-jacket and white gloves. Chubukov rises to meet him. Paraphrase : Lomov walks into the room, dressed formally in a suit and white gloves. Chubukov stands up to greet him. Original : CHUBUKOV: My dear fellow, whom do I see! Ivan Vassilevitch! I am extremely glad! [Squeezes his hand] Now this is a surprise, my darling... How are you? Paraphrase : Chubukov: My good friend, look who's here! Ivan Vassilevitch! I’m so happy to see you! [Shakes his hand] What a pleasant surprise, my dear... How have you been? Original : LOMOV: Thank you. And how may you be getting on? Paraphrase : Lomov: Thank you. And how are you doing? Original : CHUBUKOV: We just get along somehow, my angel, thanks to your prayers, and so on. Sit down, please do... Now, you know, you shouldn’t forget all about your neighbours, my darling. My dear fellow, why are you so formal in your get-up! Evening dress, gloves, and so on. Can you be going anywhere, my treasure? Paraphrase : Chubukov: We manage somehow, my dear, with your good wishes. Please, have a seat... You really shouldn’t neglect your neighbors, my dear. But why are you so dressed up? Fancy clothes, gloves, and everything. Are you heading somewhere, my friend? Original : LOMOV: No. I’ve come only to see you, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch. Paraphrase : Lomov: No, I’ve just come to visit you, respected Stepan Stepanovitch. Original : CHUBUKOV: Then why are you in evening dress, my precious? As if you’re paying a New Year’s Eve visit! Paraphrase : Chubukov: Then why are you dressed for a fancy occasion? You look as if you’re here for a New Year’s party! Original : LOMOV: Well, you see, it’s like this. [Takes his arm] I’ve come to you, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, to trouble you with a request. Not once or twice have I already had the privilege of applying to you for help, and you have always, so to speak... I must ask your pardon, I am getting excited. I shall drink some water, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch. Paraphrase : Lomov: Well, the thing is, [grabs Chubukov's arm] I’ve come to ask you a favor, Stepan Stepanovitch. I’ve asked for your help before, and you’ve always been generous... I apologize, I’m getting a little nervous. I’ll drink some water. Original : CHUBUKOV: [aside] He’s come to borrow money. Shan’t give him any! [aloud] What is it, my beauty? Paraphrase : Chubukov: [thinking to himself] He’s probably here to borrow money. I’m not giving him any! [out loud] So, what can I do for you, my dear? Original : LOMOV: You see, Honoured Stepanitch... I beg pardon Stepan Honouritch... I mean, I’m awfully excited, as you will please notice... In short, you alone can help me, though I don’t deserve it, of course... and haven’t any right to count on your assistance... Paraphrase : Lomov: You see, Stepanitch... I’m sorry, I mean Stepan Honouritch... I’m really nervous, as you can see... To put it simply, only you can help me, though I don’t really deserve it or have the right to ask... Original : CHUBUKOV: Oh, don’t go round and round it, darling! Spit it out! Well? Paraphrase : Chubukov: Don’t beat around the bush, my dear! Just say it! Well? Original : LOMOV: One moment... this very minute. The fact is I’ve come to ask the hand of your daughter, Natalya Stepanovna, in marriage. Paraphrase : Lomov: Just a moment... right now. The truth is, I’ve come to ask for your daughter, Natalya Stepanovna’s hand in marriage. Original : CHUBUKOV: [joyfully] By Jove! Ivan Vassilevitch! Say it again — I didn’t hear it all! Paraphrase : Chubukov: [excitedly] Good heavens! Ivan Vassilevitch! Say that again — I didn’t catch it all! Original : LOMOV: I have the honour to ask... Paraphrase : Lomov: I have the honor to ask... Original : CHUBUKOV: [interrupting] My dear fellow... I’m so glad, and so on... Yes, indeed, and all that sort of thing. [Embraces and kisses Lomov] I’ve been hoping for it for a long time. It’s been my continual desire. [Sheds a tear] And I’ve always loved you, my angel, as if you were my own son. May God give you both — His help and His love and so on, and so much hope... What am I behaving in this idiotic way for? I’m off my balance with joy, absolutely off my balance! Oh, with all my soul... I’ll go and call Natasha, and all that. Paraphrase : Chubukov: [interrupting] My dear friend... I’m so happy, and all that... Yes, truly, and so on. [Hugs and kisses Lomov] I’ve been waiting for this for so long. It’s always been my greatest wish. [Gets emotional] I’ve always loved you, my dear, like you were my own son. May God bless you both and give you happiness... Why am I acting so foolish? I’m overwhelmed with joy, completely overwhelmed! With all my heart... I’ll go call Natasha right away! Original : LOMOV: [greatly moved] Honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, do you think I may count on her consent? Paraphrase : Lomov: [deeply touched] Stepan Stepanovitch, do you think I can expect her to say yes? Original : CHUBUKOV: Why, of course, my darling, and... as if she won’t consent! She’s in love; egad, she’s like a lovesick cat, and so on. Shan’t be long! [Exit.] Paraphrase : Chubukov: Of course, my dear! Why wouldn’t she? She’s in love; honestly, she’s like a lovesick kitten. I won’t be long! [Exits.] Original : LOMOV: It’s cold... I’m trembling all over, just as if I’d got an examination before me. The great thing is, I must have my mind made up. If I give myself time to think, to hesitate, to talk a lot, to look for an ideal, or for real love, then I’ll never get married. Brr... It’s cold! Natalya Stepanovna is an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking, well-educated. What more do I want? But I’m getting a noise in my ears from excitement. [Drinks] And it’s impossible for me not to marry. In the first place, I’m already 35 — a critical age, so to speak. In the second place, I ought to lead a quiet and regular life. I suffer from palpitations, I’m excitable and always getting awfully upset; at this very moment my lips are trembling, and there’s a twitch in my right eyebrow. But the very worst of all is the way I sleep. I no sooner get into bed and begin to go off, when suddenly something in my left side gives a pull, and I can feel it in my shoulder and head... I jump up like a lunatic, walk about a bit and lie down again, but as soon as I begin to get off to sleep there’s another pull! And this may happen twenty times... Paraphrase : Lomov: It’s cold... I’m shaking all over, like I’m about to take an exam. The main thing is, I need to make up my mind. If I start thinking too much, hesitating, talking endlessly, or looking for the perfect match or true love, I’ll never get married. Brr... it’s freezing! Natalya Stepanovna is a great homemaker, not bad-looking, and well-educated. What more could I ask for? But I’m so nervous, I can hear ringing in my ears. [Drinks] And I have to get married. First of all, I’m already 35 — a critical age, you could say. Secondly, I need a calm and orderly life. I have heart palpitations, I’m easily excitable, and I always get overly anxious; right now, my lips are trembling, and my right eyebrow keeps twitching. The worst thing, though, is my sleep. I barely get into bed and start falling asleep when suddenly something in my left side tugs, and I feel it in my shoulder and head... I jump up like a madman, walk around, then lie down again, but as soon as I’m about to fall asleep, it happens again! This can go on 20 times. Original : [Natalya Stepanovna comes in.] Paraphrase : [Natalya Stepanovna enters the room.] Original : NATALYA: Well, there! It’s you, and papa said, “Go; there’s a merchant come for his goods.” How do you do, Ivan Vassilevitch? Paraphrase : Natalya: Well, look at that! It’s you! Papa told me, “Go; there’s a merchant here for his goods.” How are you, Ivan Vassilevitch? Original : LOMOV: How do you do, honoured Natalya Stepanovna? Paraphrase : Lomov: How are you, respected Natalya Stepanovna? Original : NATALYA: You must excuse my apron and neglige. We’re shelling peas for drying. Why haven’t you been here for such a long time? Sit down... [They seat themselves.] Won’t you have some lunch? Paraphrase : Natalya: Please excuse my apron and casual clothes. We’re busy drying peas. Why haven’t you visited us in so long? Sit down... [They both sit.] Would you like some lunch? Original : LOMOV: No, thank you, I’ve had some already. Paraphrase : Lomov: No, thank you, I’ve already eaten. Original : NATALYA: Then smoke. Here are the matches. The weather is splendid now, but yesterday it was so wet that the workmen didn’t do anything all day. How much hay have you stacked? Just think, I felt greedy and had a whole field cut, and now I’m not at all pleased about it because I’m afraid my hay may rot. I ought to have waited a bit. But what’s this? Why, you’re in evening dress! Well, I never! Are you going to a ball or what? Though I must say you look better... Tell me, why are you got up like that? Paraphrase : Natalya: Then have a smoke. Here are some matches. The weather’s beautiful today, but yesterday it was so wet that the workers couldn’t do anything. How much hay have you managed to stack? You won’t believe it, I was so greedy I had an entire field cut, and now I’m regretting it because I’m afraid the hay will rot. I should’ve waited. But what’s this? Why are you in such fancy clothes? Are you off to a ball or something? Though, I must say, you look great... Why are you all dressed up? Original : LOMOV: [excited] You see, honoured Natalya Stepanovna... the fact is, I’ve made up my mind to ask you to hear me out... Of course you’ll be surprised and perhaps even angry, but a... [aside] It’s awfully cold! Paraphrase : Lomov: [nervously] Well, Natalya Stepanovna... I’ve decided I must tell you something... You’ll probably be shocked and maybe even upset, but... [aside] It’s freezing in here! Original : NATALYA: What’s the matter? [pause] Well? Paraphrase : Natalya: What’s going on? [pause] Well? Original : LOMOV: I shall try to be brief. You must know, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, that I have long, since my childhood, in fact, had the privilege of knowing your family. My late aunt and her husband, from whom, as you know, I inherited my land, always had the greatest respect for your father and your late mother. The Lomovs and the Chubukovs have always had the most friendly, and I might almost say the most affectionate, regard for each other. And, as you know, my land is a near neighbour of yours. You will remember that my Oxen Meadows touch your birchwoods. Paraphrase : Lomov: I’ll try to keep it short. You know, Natalya Stepanovna, I’ve known your family since I was a child. My late aunt and her husband, from whom I inherited my land, as you know, had great respect for your father and your late mother. The Lomovs and the Chubukovs have always had a very friendly, even affectionate, relationship. As you know, my land is right next to yours. You’ll recall that my Oxen Meadows are adjacent to your birchwoods. Original : NATALYA: Excuse my interrupting you. You say, “my Oxen Meadows.” But are they yours? Paraphrase : Natalya: Sorry to interrupt, but you said “my Oxen Meadows.” Are you sure they’re yours? Original : LOMOV: Yes, mine. Paraphrase : Lomov: Yes, they’re mine. Original : NATALYA: What are you talking about? Oxen Meadows are ours, not yours! Paraphrase : Natalya: What are you saying? Oxen Meadows belong to us, not you! Original : LOMOV: No, mine, honoured Natalya Stepanovna. Paraphrase : Lomov: No, they’re mine, Natalya Stepanovna. Original : NATALYA: Well, I never knew that before. How do you make that out? Paraphrase : Natalya: Well, I’ve never heard that before. How do you figure it out? Original : LOMOV: How? I’m speaking of those Oxen Meadows which are wedged in between your birchwoods and the Burnt Marsh. Paraphrase : Lomov: How? I’m talking about the Oxen Meadows that are sandwiched between your birchwoods and the Burnt Marsh. Original : NATALYA: Yes, yes... they’re ours. Paraphrase : Natalya: Yes, yes... those are ours. Original : LOMOV: No, you’re mistaken, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, they’re mine. Paraphrase : Lomov: No, you’re mistaken, Natalya Stepanovna. They’re mine. Original : NATALYA: Just think, Ivan Vassilevitch! How long have they been yours? Paraphrase : Natalya: Come on, Ivan Vassilevitch! How long have they supposedly been yours? Original : LOMOV: How long? As long as I can remember. Paraphrase : Lomov: How long? For as long as I can remember. Original : NATALYA: Really, you won’t get me to believe that! Paraphrase : Natalya: Honestly, I don’t believe that for a second! Original : LOMOV: But you can see from the documents, honoured Natalya Stepanovna. Oxen Meadows, it’s true, were once the subject of dispute, but now everybody knows that they are mine. There’s nothing to argue about. You see my aunt’s grandmother gave the free use of these Meadows in perpetuity to the peasants of your father’s grandfather, in return for which they were to make bricks for her. The peasants belonging to your father’s grandfather had the free use of the Meadows for forty years, and had got into the habit of regarding them as their own, when it happened that... Paraphrase : Lomov: But you can check the papers, Natalya Stepanovna. Oxen Meadows were once disputed, but now everyone knows they belong to me. There’s no reason to argue. My aunt’s grandmother gave the peasants of your father’s grandfather the right to use those Meadows in exchange for them making bricks for her. These peasants used the Meadows for forty years and started treating the land as their own, but then... Original : NATALYA: No, it isn’t at all like that! Both grandfather and great-grandfather reckoned that their land extended to Burnt Marsh — which means that Oxen Meadows were ours. I don’t see what there is to argue about. It’s simply silly! Paraphrase : Natalya: No, that’s not how it happened at all! Both my grandfather and great-grandfather believed their land stretched to Burnt Marsh — which means Oxen Meadows belong to us. There’s nothing to argue about. This is ridiculous! Original : LOMOV: I’ll show you the documents, Natalya Stepanovna! Paraphrase : Lomov: I can show you the documents, Natalya Stepanovna! Original : NATALYA: No, you’re simply joking, or making fun of me. What a surprise! We’ve had the land for nearly three hundred years, and then we’re suddenly told that it isn’t ours! Ivan Vassilevitch, I can hardly believe my own ears. These Meadows aren’t worth much to me. They only come to five dessiatins, and are worth perhaps 300 roubles, but I can’t stand unfairness. Say what you will, I can’t stand unfairness. Paraphrase : Natalya: No, you’re joking or pulling my leg. What a shock! We’ve owned that land for almost three hundred years, and now you’re telling me it’s not ours! Ivan Vassilevitch, I can hardly believe what I’m hearing. The Meadows don’t mean much to me — they’re only about five dessiatins and worth maybe 300 roubles, but I just can’t tolerate unfairness. No matter what you say, I won’t accept injustice. Original : LOMOV: Hear me out, I implore you! The peasants of your father’s grandfather, as I have already had the honour of explaining to you, used to bake bricks for my aunt’s grandmother. Now my aunt’s grandmother, wishing to make them a pleasant... Paraphrase : Lomov: Please listen, I beg you! As I’ve already explained, the peasants of your father’s grandfather used to make bricks for my aunt’s grandmother. She wanted to do them a favour... Original : NATALYA: I can’t make head or tail of all this about aunts and grandfathers and grandmothers. The Meadows are ours, that’s all. Paraphrase : Natalya: I can’t make any sense of all this talk about aunts and grandfathers and grandmothers. The Meadows are ours, that’s final. Original : LOMOV: Mine. Paraphrase : Lomov: They’re mine. Original : NATALYA: Ours! You can go on proving it for two days on end, you can go and put on fifteen dress jackets, but I tell you they’re ours, ours, ours! I don’t want anything of yours and I don’t want to give anything of mine. So there! Paraphrase : Natalya: Ours! You can try proving it for days, wear as many fancy jackets as you want, but I’m telling you — they’re ours, ours, ours! I don’t want anything from you, and I’m not giving up anything that’s mine. So there! Original : LOMOV: Natalya Stepanovna, I don’t want the Meadows, but I am acting on principle. If you like, I’ll make you a present of them. Paraphrase : Lomov: Natalya Stepanovna, I don’t even want the Meadows. It’s just about the principle. If you like, I’ll give them to you as a gift. Original : NATALYA: I can make you a present of them myself, because they’re mine! Your behaviour, Ivan Vassilevitch, is strange, to say the least! Up to this we have always thought of you as a good neighbour, a friend; last year we lent you our threshing-machine, although on that account we had to put off our own threshing till November, but you behave to us as if we were gypsies. Giving me my own land, indeed! No, really, that’s not at all neighbourly! In my opinion, it’s even impudent, if you want to know. Paraphrase : Natalya: I could just as easily give them to you because they’re mine! Ivan Vassilevitch, your behavior is rather odd! We always considered you a good neighbor, a friend. Last year, we lent you our threshing-machine, even though it meant delaying our own threshing until November, and now you treat us like gypsies! Offering me my own land! That’s not neighborly at all! In fact, I’d say it’s downright rude! Original : LOMOV: Then you make out that I’m a landgrabber? Madam, never in my life have I grabbed anybody else’s land and I shan’t allow anybody to accuse me of having done so. [Quickly steps to the carafe and drinks more water] Oxen Meadows are mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: So you’re accusing me of being a land grabber? Madam, I have never in my life taken anyone’s land, and I won’t let anyone accuse me of that. [Quickly pours himself more water and drinks] The Oxen Meadows are mine!l Original : NATALYA: It’s not true, they’re ours! Paraphrase : Natalya: That’s not true! They’re ours! Original : LOMOV: Mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: They’re mine! Original : NATALYA: It’s not true! I’ll prove it! I’ll send my mowers out to the Meadows this very day! Paraphrase : Natalya: It’s not true! I’ll prove it! I’ll send my workers to the Meadows today! Original : LOMOV: What? Paraphrase : Lomov: What? Original : NATALYA: My mowers will be there this very day! Paraphrase : Natalya: My workers will be there today! Original : LOMOV: I’ll give it to them in the neck! Paraphrase : Lomov: I’ll make sure they regret it! Original : NATALYA: You dare! Paraphrase : Natalya: How dare you! Original : LOMOV: [Clutches at his heart] Oxen Meadows are mine! You understand? Mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: [Clutching his chest] The Oxen Meadows are mine! Do you understand? Mine! Original : NATALYA: Please don’t shout! You can shout yourself hoarse in your own house but here I must ask you to restrain yourself! Paraphrase : Natalya: Stop yelling! You can shout all you want in your own house, but here, control yourself! Original : LOMOV: If it wasn’t, madam, for this awful, excruciating palpitation, if my whole inside wasn’t upset, I’d talk to you in a different way! [Yells] Oxen Meadows are mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: If it weren’t for this terrible heart condition, if my whole body wasn’t in turmoil, I’d speak to you differently! [Shouting] The Oxen Meadows are mine! Original : NATALYA: Ours! Paraphrase : Natalya: Ours! Original : LOMOV: Mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: Mine! Original : NATALYA: Ours! Paraphrase : Natalya: Ours! Original : LOMOV: Mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: Mine! Original : [Enter Chubukov] Paraphrase : [Chubukov enters] Original : CHUBUKOV: What’s the matter? What are you shouting for? Paraphrase : Chubukov: What’s going on? Why are you both shouting? Original : NATALYA: Papa, please tell this gentleman who owns Oxen Meadows, we or he? Paraphrase : Natalya: Father, tell this man who owns the Oxen Meadows — us or him? Original : CHUBUKOV: [to Lomov] Darling, the Meadows are ours! Paraphrase : Chubukov: [to Lomov] My dear, the Meadows belong to us! Original : LOMOV: But, please, Stepan Stepanovitch, how can they be yours? Do be a reasonable man! My aunt’s grandmother gave the Meadows for the temporary and free use of your grandfather’s peasants. The peasants used the land for forty years and got accustomed to it as if it was their own, when it happened that... Paraphrase : Lomov: But please, Stepan Stepanovitch, how can they be yours? Be reasonable! My aunt’s grandmother let your grandfather’s peasants use the Meadows for free, temporarily. They used it for forty years and got used to thinking it was theirs, but then... Original : CHUBUKOV: Excuse me, my precious. You forget just this, that the peasants didn’t pay your grandmother and all that, because the Meadows were in dispute, and so on. And now everybody knows that they’re ours. It means that you haven’t seen the plan. Paraphrase : Chubukov: Excuse me, my dear. You forget that the peasants didn’t pay your grandmother because the Meadows were in dispute. And now everyone knows they belong to us. Clearly, you haven’t seen the land documents. Original : LOMOV: I’ll prove to you that they’re mine! Paraphrase : Lomov: I’ll prove to you that they’re mine! Original : CHUBUKOV: You won’t prove it, my darling — Paraphrase : Chubukov: You won’t prove anything, my dear — Original : LOMOV: I shall Paraphrase : Lomov: Yes, I will! Original : CHUBUKOV: Dear one, why yell like that? You won’t prove anything just by yelling. I don’t want anything of yours, and don’t intend to give up what I have. Why should I? And you know, my beloved, that if you propose to go on arguing about it, I’d much sooner give up the Meadows to the peasants than to you. There! Paraphrase : Chubukov: Why are you shouting like that, dear? Yelling won’t prove anything. I don’t want anything of yours, and I’m not giving up what’s mine. Why would I? And listen, if you keep arguing about this, I’d rather give the Meadows to the peasants than to you. So there! Original : LOMOV: I don’t understand! How have you the right to give away somebody else’s property? Paraphrase : Lomov: I don’t understand! How can you give away someone else’s property? Original : CHUBUKOV: You may take it that I know whether I have the right or not. Because, young man, I’m not used to being spoken to in that tone of voice, and so on. I, young man, am twice your age, and ask you to speak to me without agitating yourself, and all that. Paraphrase : Chubukov: You can be sure that I know my rights. Young man, I’m not used to being spoken to like that. I’m twice your age, and I ask you to speak to me respectfully, without getting worked up. Original : LOMOV: No, you just think I’m a fool and want to have me on! You call my land yours, and then you want me to talk to you calmly and politely! Good neighbours don’t behave like that, Stepan Stepanovitch! You’re not a neighbour, you’re a grabber! Paraphrase : Lomov: No, you think I’m stupid and you’re trying to trick me! You call my land yours and expect me to speak to you politely? Good neighbours don’t behave like this, Stepan Stepanovitch! You’re not a neighbor, you’re a land-grabber! Original: CHUBUKOV: What’s that? What did you say? Paraphrase: Chubukov: What did you just say? Original: NATALYA: Papa, send the mowers out to the Meadows at once! Paraphrase: Natalya: Father, send our workers to the Meadows immediately! Original: CHUBUKOV: What did you say, sir? Paraphrase: Chubukov: What did you just say to me, sir? Original: NATALYA: Oxen Meadows are ours, and I shan’t give them up, shan’t give them up, shan’t give them up! Paraphrase: Natalya: The Oxen Meadows are ours, and I won’t give them up, I won’t give them up, I won’t give them up! Original: LOMOV: We’ll see! I’ll have the matter taken to court, and then I’ll show you! Paraphrase: Lomov: We’ll see about that! I’ll take this to court, and then you’ll see! Original: CHUBUKOV: To court? You can take it to court, and all that! You can! I know you; you’re just on the look-out for a chance to go to court, and all that. You pettifogger! All your people were like that! All of them! Paraphrase: Chubukov: To court? Go ahead, take it to court if you want! I know your kind — always looking for an excuse to go to court! You legal schemer! Your whole family’s like that! All of them! Original: LOMOV: Never mind about my people! The Lomovs have all been honourable people, and not one has ever been tried for embezzlement, like your grandfather! Paraphrase: Lomov: Don’t you dare insult my family! The Lomovs have always been honorable, and none of them were ever tried for embezzlement, unlike your grandfather! Original: CHUBUKOV: You Lomovs have had lunacy in your family, all of you! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Your Lomov family has a history of madness! Every single one of you! Original: NATALYA: All, all, all! Paraphrase: Natalya: Every one of you! Original: CHUBUKOV: Your grandfather was a drunkard, and your younger aunt, Nastasya Mihailovna, ran away with an architect, and so on... Paraphrase: Chubukov: Your grandfather was a drunk, and your younger aunt, Nastasya Mihailovna, ran away with an architect, and so on. Original: LOMOV: And your mother was hump-backed. [Clutches at his heart] Something pulling in my side... My head.... Help! Water! Paraphrase: Lomov: And your mother was a hunchback! [Grabs his chest] Something’s pulling in my side... My head... Help! I need water! Original: CHUBUKOV: Your father was a guzzling gambler! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Your father was a greedy gambler! Original: NATALYA: And there haven’t been many backbiters to equal your aunt! Paraphrase: Natalya: And no one could gossip like your aunt! Original: CHUBUKOV: My left foot has gone to sleep... You’re an intriguer.... Oh, my heart! And it’s an open secret that before the last elections you bribed — I can see stars... Where’s my hat? Paraphrase: Chubukov: My left foot is numb... You’re nothing but a schemer... Oh, my heart! And everyone knows that before the last elections you bribed — I’m seeing stars... Where’s my hat? Original: NATALYA: It’s low! It’s dishonest! It’s mean! Paraphrase: Natalya: That’s just low! Dishonest! Mean! Original: CHUBUKOV: And you’re just a malicious, double-faced intriguer! Yes! Paraphrase: Chubukov: And you’re just a sneaky, two-faced plotter! Yes, you are! Original: LOMOV: Here’s my hat. My heart! Which way? Where’s the door? Oh I think I’m dying! My foot’s quite numb... [Goes to the door.] Paraphrase: Lomov: Where’s my hat? Oh, my heart! Which way? Where’s the door? I think I’m dying! My foot is completely numb... [He heads for the door.] Original: CHUBUKOV: [following him] And don’t set foot in my house again! Paraphrase: Chubukov: [following him] And don’t ever step foot in my house again! Original: NATALYA: Take it to court! We’ll see! Paraphrase: Natalya: Take it to court! Let’s see what happens! Original: [Lomov staggers out.] Paraphrase: [Lomov stumbles out of the house.] Original: CHUBUKOV: Devil take him! [Walks about in excitement.] Paraphrase: Chubukov: Curse him! [Paces around in frustration.] Original: NATALYA: What a rascal! What trust can one have in one’s neighbours after that! Paraphrase: Natalya: What a scoundrel! How can you trust your neighbors after something like that? Original: CHUBUKOV: The villain! The scarecrow! Paraphrase: Chubukov: That villain! That scarecrow! Original: NATALYA: The monster! First he takes our land and then he has the impudence to abuse us. Paraphrase: Natalya: That monster! First he tries to take our land, and then he has the nerve to insult us. Original: CHUBUKOV: And that blind hen, yes, that turnip-ghost has the confounded cheek to make a proposal, and so on! What? A proposal! Paraphrase: Chubukov: And that blind fool, that good-for-nothing has the gall to come here and make a proposal! Wait, what? A proposal? Original: NATALYA: What proposal? Paraphrase: Natalya: A proposal? What proposal? Original: CHUBUKOV: Why, he came here to propose to you. Paraphrase: Chubukov: Why, he came here to propose to you! Original: NATALYA: To propose? To me? Why didn’t you tell me so before? Paraphrase: Natalya: To propose? To me? Why didn’t you tell me that earlier? Original: CHUBUKOV: So he dresses up in evening clothes. The stuffed sausage! The wizen-faced frump! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Yes, he dressed up in formal clothes for this. That stuffed sausage! That shriveled-up fool! Original: NATALYA: To propose to me? Ah! [Falls into an easy-chair and wails] Bring him back! Back! Ah! Bring him here. Paraphrase: Natalya: He came to propose to me? Oh no! [Collapses into a chair, wailing] Bring him back! Bring him back! Oh, get him here! Original: CHUBUKOV: Bring whom here? Paraphrase: Chubukov: Bring who? Original: NATALYA: Quick, quick! I’m ill! Fetch him! Paraphrase: Natalya: Quick, quick! I’m feeling faint! Bring him back! Original: [Hysterics.] Paraphrase: [She starts to panic and cry.] Original: CHUBUKOV: What’s that? What’s the matter with you? [Clutches at his head] Oh, unhappy man that I am! I’ll shoot myself! I’ll hang myself! We’ve done for her! Paraphrase: Chubukov: What is going on? What’s wrong with you? [Grabs his head in frustration] Oh, poor me! I’ll shoot myself! I’ll hang myself! We’ve ruined her! Original: NATALYA: I’m dying! Fetch him! Paraphrase: Natalya: I’m dying! Go get him! Original: CHUBUKOV: Tfoo! At once. Don’t yell! [Runs out. A pause.] Paraphrase: Chubukov: Ugh! Right away. Stop screaming! [Runs out. There is a pause.] Original: NATALYA: [Natalya Stepanovna wails.] What have they done to me? Fetch him back! Fetch him! Paraphrase: Natalya: [Crying loudly] What have they done to me? Bring him back! Get him back here! Original: [A pause. Chubukov runs in.] Paraphrase: [There is a pause, and then Chubukov rushes back in.] Original: CHUBUKOV: He’s coming, and so on, devil take him! Ouf! Talk to him yourself; I don’t want to... Paraphrase: Chubukov: He’s coming, curse him! Ugh! You talk to him; I don’t want to anymore... Original: NATALYA: [wails] Fetch him! Paraphrase: Natalya: [Crying] Bring him here! Original: CHUBUKOV: [yells] He’s coming, I tell you. Oh, what a burden, Lord, to be the father of a grown-up daughter! I’ll cut my throat, I will, indeed! We cursed him, abused him, drove him out; and it’s all you... you! Paraphrase: Chubukov: [Yelling] He’s on his way, I told you! Oh, what a burden it is to be the father of a grown daughter! I’m going to cut my throat, I swear! We insulted him, cursed him, and kicked him out — and it’s all your fault... all your fault! Original: NATALYA: No, it was you! Paraphrase: Natalya: No, it was you! Original: CHUBUKOV: I tell you it’s not my fault. [Lomov appears at the door] Now you talk to him yourself. [Exit.] Paraphrase: Chubukov: I’m telling you it’s not my fault. [Lomov enters at the door] Now you deal with him yourself. [Leaves the room.] Original: LOMOV: [Lomov enters, exhausted.] My heart’s palpitating awfully. My foot’s gone to sleep. There’s something that keeps pulling in my side.... Paraphrase: Lomov: [Enters, exhausted.] My heart is beating so fast. My foot is completely numb. There’s a pulling pain in my side... Original: NATALYA: Forgive us, Ivan Vassilevitch, we were all a little heated. I remember now: Oxen Meadows... really are yours. Paraphrase: Natalya: Forgive us, Ivan Vassilevitch, we were all just upset. I remember now — the Oxen Meadows are yours. Original: LOMOV: My heart’s beating awfully. My Meadows... My eyebrows are both twitching.... Paraphrase: Lomov: My heart is pounding terribly. My Meadows... Both my eyebrows are twitching... Original: NATALYA: The Meadows are yours, yes, yours. Do sit down. [They sit] We were wrong. Paraphrase: Natalya: Yes, the Meadows are yours, they are. Please sit down. [They both sit] We were wrong. Original: LOMOV: I did it on principle. My land is worth little to me, but the principle... Paraphrase: Lomov: It was all about the principle for me. The land isn’t worth much, but it’s the principle. .. Original: NATALYA: Yes, the principle, just so. Now let’s talk of something else. Paraphrase: Natalya: Yes, it’s the principle. Let’s talk about something else now. Original: LOMOV: The more so as I have evidence. My aunt’s grandmother gave the land to your father’s grandfather’s peasants... Paraphrase: Lomov: Especially since I have proof. My aunt’s grandmother gave the land to your grandfather’s peasants... Original: NATALYA: Yes, yes, let that pass. [aside] I wish I knew how to get him started. [aloud] Are you going to start shooting soon? Paraphrase: Natalya: Yes, yes, let’s not talk about that anymore. [to herself] I wish I knew how to start the conversation again. [out loud] Are you planning to start hunting soon? Original: LOMOV: I’m thinking of having a go at the blackcock, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, after the harvest. Oh, have you heard? Just think, what a misfortune I’ve had! My dog Guess, who you know, has gone lame. Paraphrase: Lomov: I’m thinking of hunting blackcock, Natalya Stepanovna, after the harvest. Oh, did you hear? Can you imagine what bad luck I’ve had? My dog Guess, whom you know, has gone lame. Original: NATALYA: What a pity! Why? Paraphrase: Natalya: What a shame! What happened? Original: LOMOV: I don’t know. Must have got his leg twisted or bitten by some other dog. [sighs] My very best dog, to say nothing of the expense. I gave Mironov 125 roubles for him. Paraphrase: Lomov: I don’t know. He might have twisted his leg or gotten bitten by another dog. [Sighs] He’s my best dog, and let’s not even talk about the cost. I paid 125 roubles for him to Mironov. Original: NATALYA: It was too much, Ivan Vassilevitch. Paraphrase: Natalya: That was too much, Ivan Vassilevitch. Original: LOMOV: I think it was very cheap. He’s a first-rate dog. Paraphrase: Lomov: I think it was a bargain. He’s an excellent dog. Original: NATALYA: Papa gave 85 roubles for his Squeezer, and Squeezer is heaps better than Guess! Paraphrase: Natalya: My father paid 85 roubles for our Squeezer, and Squeezer is way better than Guess! Original: LOMOV: Squeezer better than Guess? What an idea! [laughs] Squeezer better than Guess! Paraphrase: Lomov: Squeezer better than Guess? What a joke! [Laughs] Squeezer better than Guess! Original: NATALYA: Of course he’s better! Of course, Squeezer is young, he may develop a bit, but on points and pedigree he’s better than anything that even Volchanetsky has got. Paraphrase: Natalya: Of course he’s better! Yes, Squeezer is young, and he still has room to grow, but he has better points and pedigree than anything even Volchanetsky owns. Original: LOMOV: Excuse me, Natalya Stepanovna, but you forget that he is overshot, and an overshot always means the dog is a bad hunter! Paraphrase: Lomov: Excuse me, Natalya Stepanovna, but you’re forgetting that Squeezer has an overshot jaw, and that always means the dog is a poor hunter! Original: NATALYA: Overshot, is he? The first time I hear it! Paraphrase: Natalya: Overshot? That’s the first time I’ve heard about it! Original: LOMOV: I assure you that his lower jaw is shorter than the upper. Paraphrase: Lomov: I assure you, his lower jaw is shorter than his upper jaw. Original: NATALYA: Have you measured? Paraphrase: Natalya: Have you measured it? Original: LOMOV: Yes. He’s all right at following, of course, but if you want to get hold of anything... Paraphrase: Lomov: Yes. He’s good at following prey, but when it comes to catching something... Original: NATALYA: In the first place, our Squeezer is a thoroughbred animal, the son of Harness and Chisels while there’s no getting at the pedigree of your dog at all. He’s old and as ugly as a worn-out cab-horse. Paraphrase: Natalya: First of all, our Squeezer is a purebred, the son of Harness and Chisels. Your dog doesn’t even have a clear pedigree! He’s old and as ugly as a tired, old horse. Original: LOMOV: He is old, but I wouldn’t take five Squeezers for him. Why, how can you? Guess is a dog; as for Squeezer, well, it’s too funny to argue. Anybody you like has a dog as good as Squeezer... you may find them under every bush almost. Twenty-five roubles would be a handsome price to pay for him. Paraphrase: Lomov: Yes, he’s old, but I wouldn’t trade him for five Squeezers. How can you even compare? Guess is a real dog; Squeezer, on the other hand, is laughable. You could find a dog like Squeezer under any bush. Twenty-five roubles would be a fair price for him. Original: NATALYA: There’s some demon of contradiction in you today, Ivan Vassilevitch. First you pretend that the Meadows are yours; now, that Guess is better than Squeezer. I don’t like people who don’t say what they mean, because you know perfectly well that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your silly Guess. Why do you want to say he isn’t? Paraphrase: Natalya: You’re full of contradictions today, Ivan Vassilevitch. First, you claim the Meadows are yours, and now you’re saying Guess is better than Squeezer. I don’t like people who don’t speak the truth, because you know perfectly well that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your ridiculous Guess. Why are you insisting otherwise? Original: LOMOV: I see, Natalya Stepanovna, that you consider me either blind or a fool. You must realise that Squeezer is overshot! Paraphrase: Lomov: I see, Natalya Stepanovna, that you think I’m either blind or a fool. You must accept the fact that Squeezer has an overshot jaw! Original: NATALYA: It’s not true. Paraphrase: Natalya: That’s not true. Original: LOMOV: He is! Paraphrase: Lomov: He is! Original: NATALYA: It’s not true! Paraphrase: Natalya: It’s not true! Original: LOMOV: Why shout madam? Paraphrase: Lomov: Why are you shouting, madam? Original: NATALYA: Why talk rot? It’s awful! It’s time your Guess was shot, and you compare him with Squeezer! Paraphrase: Natalya: Why are you talking nonsense? It’s ridiculous! Guess should be put down, and yet you compare him to Squeezer! Original: LOMOV: Excuse me, I cannot continue this discussion, my heart is palpitating. Paraphrase: Lomov: Excuse me, but I can’t continue this conversation. My heart is racing. Original: NATALYA: I’ve noticed that those hunters argue most who know least. Paraphrase: Natalya: I’ve noticed that the hunters who argue the most usually know the least. Original: LOMOV: Madam, please be silent. My heart is going to pieces. [shouts] Shut up! Paraphrase: Lomov: Madam, please be quiet. My heart is giving out! [Shouting] Be quiet! Original: NATALYA: I shan’t shut up until you acknowledge that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your Guess! Paraphrase: Natalya: I won’t stop until you admit that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your Guess! Original: LOMOV: A hundred times worse! Be hanged to your Squeezer! His head... eyes... shoulder... Paraphrase: Lomov: A hundred times worse! Forget your Squeezer! His head... his eyes... his shoulders... Original: NATALYA: There’s no need to hang your silly Guess; he’s half-dead already! Paraphrase: Natalya: No need to finish off your silly Guess; he’s already half-dead! Original: LOMOV: [weeps] Shut up! My heart’s bursting! Paraphrase: Lomov: [Crying] Shut up! My heart is exploding! Original: NATALYA: I shan’t shut up. Paraphrase: Natalya: I won’t be quiet. Original: [Enter Chubukov.] Paraphrase: [Chubukov enters the room.] Original: CHUBUKOV: What’s the matter now? Paraphrase: Chubukov: What’s the matter this time? Original: NATALYA: Papa, tell us truly, which is the better dog, our Squeezer or his Guess. Paraphrase: Natalya: Father, tell us honestly — which dog is better, our Squeezer or his Guess? Original: LOMOV: Stepan Stepanovitch, I implore you to tell me just one thing: is your Squeezer overshot or not? Yes or no? Paraphrase: Lomov: Stepan Stepanovitch, please just tell me one thing: is your Squeezer overshot or not? Yes or no? Original: CHUBUKOV: And suppose he is? What does it matter? He’s the best dog in the district for all that, and so on. Paraphrase: Chubukov: And what if he is? So what? He’s still the best dog in the district, no doubt about it. Original: LOMOV: But isn’t my Guess better? Really, now? Paraphrase: Lomov: But isn’t my Guess better? Honestly, now? Original: CHUBUKOV: Don’t excite yourself, my precious one. Allow me. Your Guess certainly has his good points. He’s purebred, firm on his feet, has well-sprung ribs, and all that. But, my dear man, if you want to know the truth, that dog has two defects: he’s old and he’s short in the muzzle. Paraphrase: Chubukov: Calm down, my dear. Let me tell you this: Your Guess does have his strengths. He’s purebred, stands solidly, has good ribs, and all that. But honestly, he has two problems: he’s old and has a short muzzle. Original: LOMOV: Excuse me, my heart... Let’s take the facts. You will remember that on the Marusinsky hunt my Guess ran neck-and-neck with the Count’s dog, while your Squeezer was left a whole verst behind. Paraphrase: Lomov: Excuse me, my heart... Let’s talk about the facts. You remember that during the Marusinsky hunt, my Guess ran side by side with the Count’s dog, while your Squeezer was left an entire verst behind. Original: CHUBUKOV: He got left behind because the Count’s whipper-in hit him with his whip. Paraphrase: Chubukov: He only got left behind because the Count’s whipper hit him with a whip. Original: LOMOV: And with good reason. The dogs are running after a fox, when Squeezer goes and starts worrying a sheep! Paraphrase: Lomov: And for good reason! The dogs were chasing a fox, but Squeezer went off and started bothering a sheep! Original: CHUBUKOV: It’s not true! My dear fellow, I’m very liable to lose my temper, and so, just because of that, let’s stop arguing. You started because everybody is always jealous of everybody else’s dogs. Yes, we’re all like that! You too, sir, aren’t blameless! You no sooner begin with this, that and the other, and all that... I remember everything! Paraphrase: Chubukov: That’s not true! My dear friend, I easily lose my temper, so let’s just stop arguing. This always happens—people get jealous of other people’s dogs. We’re all like that! And you’re no better! You started with all these accusations, and I remember everything! Original: LOMOV: I remember too! Paraphrase: Lomov: I remember as well! Original: CHUBUKOV: [teasing him] I remember, too! What do you remember? Paraphrase: Chubukov: [teasing] I remember, too! What exactly do you remember? Original: LOMOV: My heart... my foot’s gone to sleep. I can’t... Paraphrase: Lomov: My heart... my foot’s numb. I can’t... Original: NATALYA: [teasing] My heart! What sort of a hunter are you? You ought to go and lie on the kitchen oven and catch black beetles, not go after foxes! My heart! Paraphrase: Natalya: [mocking] Oh, my heart! What kind of hunter are you? You should stay at home and chase kitchen pests instead of foxes! My heart! Original: CHUBUKOV: Yes really, what sort of a hunter are you, anyway? You ought to sit at home with your palpitations, and not go tracking animals. You could go hunting, but you only go to argue with people and interfere with their dogs and so on. Let’s change the subject in case I lose my temper. You’re not a hunter at all, anyway! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Exactly! What kind of hunter are you? You should stay at home with your heart problems, not out hunting animals. Even when you do go hunting, all you do is argue with people and meddle with their dogs. Let’s change the topic before I lose my temper. You’re not even a real hunter! Original: LOMOV: And are you a hunter? You only go hunting to get in with the Count and to intrigue. Oh, my heart! You’re an intriguer! Paraphrase: Lomov: And are you a hunter? You only go hunting to stay in the Count’s good graces and to stir up trouble. Oh, my heart! You’re nothing but a schemer! Original: CHUBUKOV: What? I am an intriguer? [shouts] Shut up! Paraphrase: Chubukov: What? I’m a schemer? [shouting ] Be quiet! Original: LOMOV: Intriguer! Paraphrase: Lomov: Schemer! Original: CHUBUKOV: Boy! Pup! Paraphrase: Chubukov: You fool! You brat! Original: LOMOV: Old rat! Jesuit! Paraphrase: Lomov: Old rat! Trickster! Original: CHUBUKOV: Shut up or I’ll shoot you like a partridge! You fool! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Shut up or I’ll shoot you like I shoot partridges! You fool! Original: LOMOV: Everybody knows that — oh, my heart! — your late wife used to beat you... My feet... temples... sparks... I fall, I fall! Paraphrase: Lomov: Everyone knows — oh, my heart! — your late wife used to beat you... My feet... my head... I’m seeing sparks... I’m falling, I’m falling! Original: CHUBUKOV: And you’re under the slipper of your housekeeper! Paraphrase: Chubukov: And you’re completely under the thumb of your housekeeper! Original: LOMOV: There, there, there... my heart’s burst! My shoulders come off! Where is my shoulder? I die. [Falls into an armchair] A doctor! Paraphrase: Lomov: Oh no, oh no... My heart is bursting! My shoulders are falling apart! Where is my shoulder? I’m dying! [Collapses into an armchair] I need a doctor! Original: CHUBUKOV: Boy! Milksop! Fool! I’m sick! [Drinks water] Sick! Paraphrase: Chubukov: You coward! You fool! I’m sick of this! [Drinks water] I’m really sick! Original: NATALYA: What sort of a hunter are you? You can’t even sit on a horse! [To her father] Papa, what’s the matter with him? Papa! Look, Papa! [screams] Ivan Vassilevitch! He’s dead! Paraphrase: Natalya: What kind of hunter are you? You can’t even sit on a horse! [To her father] Father, what’s wrong with him? Father! Look, father! [screams] Ivan Vassilevitch! He’s dead! Original: CHUBUKOV: I’m sick! I can’t breathe! Air! Paraphrase: Chubukov: I feel sick! I can’t breathe! I need air! Original: NATALYA: He’s dead. [Pulls Lomov’s sleeve] Ivan Vassilevitch! Ivan Vassilevitch! What have you done to me? He’s dead. [Falls into an armchair] A doctor, a doctor! [Hysterics.] Paraphrase: Natalya: He’s dead! [Pulls on Lomov’s sleeve] Ivan Vassilevitch! Ivan Vassilevitch! What have you done to me? He’s dead! [Falls into an armchair] Someone get a doctor! [She becomes hysterical.] Original: CHUBUKOV: Oh! What is it? What’s the matter? Paraphrase: Chubukov: Oh no! What’s going on? What’s wrong? Original: NATALYA: [wails] He’s dead... dead! Paraphrase: Natalya: [crying] He’s dead... really dead! Original: CHUBUKOV: Who’s dead? [Looks at Lomov] So he is! My word! Water! A doctor! [Lifts a tumbler to Lomov’s mouth] Drink this! No, he doesn’t drink. It means he’s dead, and all that. I’m the most unhappy of men! Why don’t I put a bullet into my brain? Why haven’t I cut my throat yet? What am I waiting for? Give me a knife! Give me a pistol! [Lomov moves] He seems to be coming round. Drink some water! That’s right. Paraphrase: Chubukov: Who’s dead? [Looks at Lomov] Oh my goodness, he really is! Get some water! Get a doctor! [Tries to give Lomov some water] Drink this! No, he’s not drinking. He must be dead, after all. I’m the most miserable man alive! Why don’t I just shoot myself? Why haven’t I slit my throat yet? What am I waiting for? Give me a knife! Give me a gun! [Lomov starts moving] Wait, he’s waking up! Drink some water! Yes, that’s it. Original: LOMOV: I see stars... mist... where am I? Paraphrase: Lomov: I see stars... everything is blurry... where am I? Original: CHUBUKOV: Hurry up and get married and — well, to the devil with you! She’s willing! [He puts Lomov’s hand into his daughter’s] She’s willing and all that. I give you my blessing and so on. Only leave me in peace! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Hurry up and get married already — to the devil with it! She agrees! [He grabs Lomov’s hand and puts it into Natalya’s] She’s willing, and you have my blessing and everything. Just leave me in peace! Original: LOMOV: [getting up] Eh? What? To whom? Paraphrase: Lomov: [standing up] Huh? What? To whom? Original: NATALYA: [wails] He’s alive... Yes, yes, I’m willing. Paraphrase: Natalya: [crying] He’s alive... Yes, yes, I’m willing! Original: CHUBUKOV: Kiss each other! Paraphrase: Chubukov: Go ahead, kiss each other! Original: LOMOV: Eh? Kiss whom? [They kiss] Very nice, too. Excuse me, what’s it all about? Oh, now I understand ... my heart... stars... I’m happy. Natalya Stepanovna... [Kisses her hand] My foot’s gone to sleep. Paraphrase: Lomov: Huh? Kiss who? [They kiss] Oh, that’s nice. Excuse me, what’s going on? Oh, now I get it... My heart... I see stars... I’m happy. Natalya Stepanovna... [Kisses her hand] My foot is still numb. Original: NATALYA: I... I’m happy too... Paraphrase: Natalya: I... I’m happy too... Original: CHUBUKOV: What a weight off my shoulders, ouf! Paraphrase: Chubukov: What a relief! Whew! Original: NATALYA: But, still you will admit now that Guess is worse than Squeezer. Paraphrase: Natalya: But, you’ll admit now that Guess is worse than Squeezer, right? Original: LOMOV: Better! Paraphrase: Lomov: No, he’s better! Original: NATALYA: Worse! Paraphrase: Natalya: No, worse! Original: CHUBUKOV: Well, that’s a way to start your family bliss! Have some champagne! Paraphrase: Chubukov: What a way to begin married life! Let’s have some champagne! Original: LOMOV: He’s better! Paraphrase: Lomov: Guess is better! Original: NATALYA: Worse! Worse! Worse! Paraphrase: Natalya: Worse! Worse! Worse! Original: CHUBUKOV: [trying to shout her down] Champagne! Champagne! Paraphrase: Chubukov: [trying to drown out the argument] Champagne! Champagne! CURTAIN Difficult Words Palpitations  – Refers to a condition where the heart beats rapidly or irregularly. Lomov mentions suffering from this due to excitement and stress. Perpetuity  – It means something that lasts forever. Lomov talks about how the use of the Oxen Meadows was given in perpetuity to the peasants. Dessiatins  – An old Russian measure of land, equivalent to about 2.7 acres. It’s used when Natalya is talking about the Oxen Meadows. Overshot  – In the context of the play, it refers to the condition of a dog’s jaw, where the upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, affecting its ability to hunt. Threshing  – The process of separating grain from the stalks and husks. Natalya and Chubukov mention lending their threshing machine to Lomov, delaying their own work. Verst  – An old Russian unit of distance, roughly equal to 1.066 kilometers or about 0.66 miles. Lomov uses it when he talks about the dog Squeezer being left behind during a hunt. Embezzlement  – The theft or misappropriation of funds. Lomov accuses Chubukov’s grandfather of being tried for embezzlement, a serious accusation. Jesuit  – Refers to a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order known for its discipline and intellectual rigor. Lomov calls Chubukov a "Jesuit," implying that he is sly or deceitful. Guzzling  – Drinking greedily or to excess. Chubukov calls Lomov’s father a “guzzling gambler,” accusing him of being a heavy drinker and reckless gambler. Milksop  – A derogatory term for a weak or cowardly person. Chubukov uses this to insult Lomov, calling him a coward. Formal Attire  – Refers to clothing suitable for formal occasions, such as suits and evening dresses. Lomov’s choice of formal attire when visiting Chubukov indicates the seriousness of his visit to propose marriage. Merchant  – A person involved in trade or commerce. In the play, Chubukov refers to Lomov as a merchant when he enters, hinting at Lomov’s business-like demeanour. Lament  – To express sorrow, mourning, or regret. When characters wail or express their frustrations, they are lamenting their situations. Intriguer  – Someone who engages in secretive or underhanded schemes. Chubukov and Lomov accuse each other of being intrigues, highlighting their distrust. Fury  – Intense, violent anger. Both Lomov and Natalya display fury during their arguments, which escalates the conflict. Pettifogger  – A person who engages in petty or unscrupulous legal practices; a minor or dishonest lawyer. Chubukov uses this term to insult Lomov, indicating that he thinks Lomov is being trivial or petty in his arguments. Regret  – A feeling of sadness or disappointment over something that has happened or been done. Characters express regret over their lost tempers and misunderstandings throughout the play. Condescension  – An attitude of patronizing superiority; disdain. When Chubukov speaks to Lomov, he sometimes conveys a tone of condescension, which frustrates Lomov further. Riddles  – Puzzles or problems that require thought and ingenuity to solve, often in a metaphorical or cryptic form. In Russian wedding customs, grooms must answer riddles posed by the bride’s friends to win her. Allure  – The quality of being powerfully and mysteriously attractive or fascinating. The allure of wealth and property drives the characters’ actions and decisions throughout the play. Dilemma  – A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives. Lomov faces a dilemma regarding proposing marriage amidst the arguments over land. Preposterous  – Contrary to reason or common sense; utterly absurd or ridiculous. The arguments over Oxen Meadows often become preposterous, showcasing the absurdity of their disputes. Jeopardy  – Danger or risk. When the marriage proposal is threatened by the arguments, it puts Lomov’s chance for happiness in jeopardy. Debate  – A formal discussion on a particular topic, where opposing arguments are put forward. The play often turns into a debate between characters over trivial matters like land ownership. Euphoria  – A feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness. The characters briefly experience euphoria when Lomov’s proposal is accepted, but it quickly turns to arguing again. Dissonance  – A lack of harmony among musical notes; in this context, it refers to the lack of agreement or consistency in the characters' actions and statements. Their conflicting desires lead to dissonance in their relationships. Subterfuge  – Deceit used in order to achieve one’s goal. The characters use subterfuge in their arguments, attempting to deceive one another about the ownership of the Oxen Meadows. Hysteria  – Exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement. Natalya exhibits hysteria when she demands that Lomov be brought back, highlighting her emotional state. Emotional Turmoil  – A state of mental or emotional confusion or disturbance. The characters experience emotional turmoil during their arguments and misunderstandings. Quarrel  – A heated argument or disagreement. The play revolves around several quarrels between Lomov and the Chubukovs, showcasing their inability to communicate effectively. Allusions and References Oxen Meadows  – This is the primary object of the dispute between Lomov and Natalya. The Oxen Meadows represent both an economic and symbolic point of pride for the characters, as owning land was often a source of status and power in Russian society. The Marusinsky Hunt  – A hunting expedition referenced by Lomov to prove his dog, Guess, is superior. It may not be a real historical hunt but is used to depict the aristocratic pastime of hunting that was common among wealthy Russians in that period. Squeezer and Guess  – The two dogs represent another point of pride for both Lomov and Natalya, reflecting how people can become obsessed with competition over trivial matters. Their argument over the dogs mirrors their earlier fight over the Oxen Meadows. “Stuffed sausage” and “wizen-faced frump”  – These are humorous insults used by Chubukov to describe Lomov’s appearance. A “stuffed sausage” implies that Lomov looks bloated or awkward in his formal clothes, and a “wizen-faced frump” suggests that Lomov looks old and unattractive. The Russian Aristocracy  – The entire play is an allusion to the behavior and mindset of Russian aristocrats during the 19th century. Their obsession with land ownership, marriage alliances, and status reflects the values of that time. This also leads to the frequent quarrels over trivial matters, even when they should be discussing serious issues like marriage. Bricks and Land Ownership  – Lomov’s reference to the Oxen Meadows being given for brick-making services reflects a common practice in pre-revolutionary Russia, where peasants would sometimes be allowed to use land temporarily in exchange for labour or services. Cultural Context Russian Social Customs  – The play references Russian customs regarding marriage proposals, formal attire, and the expectations of behavior between neighbors. Lomov’s decision to dress up in evening clothes when visiting Chubukov’s house to propose to Natalya reflects the formality and ritual involved in such social interactions. Marriages for Economic Gain  – The entire premise of the play revolves around the idea that marriage was often pursued not for love but for practical reasons like increasing wealth, land ownership, or status. The characters argue over the Oxen Meadows and other trivial matters, showing how economics often overshadowed emotions. Russian Wedding Toasts and Rituals  – Though not directly referenced in the text, the idea of celebration with champagne and the traditional formality around engagements can be tied to Russian marriage traditions, where family status and material wealth were often more important than personal relationships. Contextual Phrases “What a weight off my shoulders!”  – This phrase means to feel relief from a burden or worry. Chubukov expresses this feeling when Lomov and Natalya agree to marry. “You can shout yourself hoarse”  – This means to yell so much that your voice becomes hoarse or tired. It emphasizes the intensity of the argument. “I’ll cut my throat!”  – A dramatic expression of despair or frustration. Chubukov uses this hyperbole to convey the depth of his emotions about his daughter’s situation. “My heart is going to pieces”  – A way of saying that one is feeling extremely anxious or stressed. Lomov expresses this feeling throughout the play during arguments. “He’s a first-rate dog”  – Refers to an animal that is of high quality or excellent in terms of breed or performance. Lomov uses this to defend his dog Guess. “You’ve got to be kidding!”  – A common phrase used to express disbelief or shock at what someone has just said. This sentiment permeates the characters' conversations. “I don’t see what there is to argue about”  – This phrase shows the speaker’s frustration and disbelief over the triviality of the argument, emphasizing how pointless their disagreements are. NCERT Solution : 1. What does Chubukov at first suspect that Lomov has come for? Is he sincere when he later says, ''And I’ve always loved you, my angel, as if you were my own son”? Find reasons for your answer from the play. Ans: Chubukov at first suspects that Lomov has come to borrow money from him. Chubukov is not sincere. He had earlier thought that Lomov had come to ask for money , and he had no intention of giving him any. When Chubukov asks him to marry his daughter, he is very pleased and utters these flattery words. 2. Chubukov says of Natalya: “... as if she won’t consent! She’s in love; egad, she’s like a lovesick cat…” Would you agree? Find reasons for your answer. No, Natalya is not a lovesick cat as she does not have romantic feeling for Lomov. Moreover, she gets into a heated discussion with Lomov over the ownership of Oxen Meadows. She apparently seems to be in love with him when she comes to know from her father that Lomov came to their house to propose to her. She immediately calls him back and shows her interest for the marriage as this marriage would suit her monetary interest. 3. (i) Find all the words and expressions in the play that the characters use to speak about each other, and the accusations and insults they hurl at each other. (For example, Lomov in the end calls Chubukov an intriguer; but earlier, Chubukov has himself called Lomov a “malicious, doublefaced intriguer.” Again, Lomov begins by describing Natalya as “an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking, well-educated.”) The following are the words and expression of the characters and the accusations and insults: Lomov says that Natalya is 'an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking, well-educated.' Natalya calls Lomov impudent and that he is not very neighbourly. She calls him a rascal and a monster. She also calls his aunt a backbiter. Chubukov calls Lomov a pettifogger, a malicious double-faced intriguer, a villain and a scarecrow. Chubukov calls Lomov's grandfather a drunkard, and his father a guzzling gambler. Lomov says that Chubukov's mother was hump-backed. Lomov calls Chubukov an old rat, a Jesuit, a grabber. (ii) Then think of five adjectives or adjectival expressions of your own to describe each character in the play. Lomov: Weak, well-dressed, quarrelsome, hot-heated, rich. Chubukov: large, hearty, rude, abusive, wealthy, billigerent, insincere. Natalya: hot headed, practical, quarrelsome, impulsive, rude, impetuous. (iii) Can you now imagine what these characters will quarrel about next? Ans: Think about the answer and let me know your opinion in the comments section COMPETENCY-BASED QUESTIONS Short-questions Q1.What kind of an impact do the arguments between Lomava & Natalya have on their relationships? Q2. Describe the petty arguments between the characters. Q3. What, according to you, is the turning point when Natalya accepts Lomov’s claims of owning the Oxen meadows? Q4. When does Natalya accuse Lomov of being a landgrabber? Q5. During the heated arguments between Lomov & Natalya the cordial relation between the neighbours was dampened and the proposal was forgotten. Justify this statement with instances from the text. Q6. Why do you think Chubukov welcomed Lomov very cordially when Lomov visited his house? Q7. 'At the end of the story good economic sense prevailed that led to the mariage between Natalya & Lomov.' Explain with reference to the story. Q8. Why do you think Natalya Stepanova asked her father to call Lomov back when she heard that he had come with a proposal? Q9. When Natalya comes to meet Lomov, she quotes her father’s words – “and papa said, “Go; there’s a merchant come for his goods.” What do you think Chubukov meant? Long Questions (6 Marks) | Q1. Arguments over insignificant things have led to disastrous results, especially between close family members and friends. Do you agree? Justify your answer with reference to the story. Q2.The marriage proposal is a mockery of romance and marriage in the upper class. Justify your answer with reference to the story. Q3. The pride in property, even the superiority of dogs, take priority over love and marriage. The characters lack patience, stop listening to each other, and then contradict each other. Do you think these quarrels will promise a happy life? What qualities would you consider for a well-matched couple? Justify your answer with reference to Lomov, Natalya & Chubukov. Q4. Do you think all of us should know how to manage our anger? What happens when emotions are governed by materialistic ambition? Answer with reference to the story. For Answer Key of the above Questions , Click Here

Historical Perspectives, Stanza-Wise Explanation & Competency-Based Questions Lesson Architecture Historical Perspectives Theme Stanza-wise Explanation NCERT Solution CBQs Recommended Reading https://www.englishwithadifference.com/post/aquestionoftrustcbequestions https://www.englishwithadifference.com/post/english-competency-questions-classx Historical Perspectives "The Trees" by Adrienne Rich was published in 1978 as part of her collection "The Dream of a Common Language." To understand the historical context of the reference to women in the poem, it's important to consider the feminist movement of the time and Rich's own involvement in feminist discourse. The late 1960s and 1970s were a period of significant social change in the United States and around the world. This era marked the height of the second wave feminist movement, which focused on issues such as women's rights, gender equality, reproductive rights, and challenging traditional gender roles. The movement aimed to address systemic inequalities that women faced in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and personal autonomy. Adrienne Rich was an active participant in this feminist movement, and her poetry often reflects the concerns, aspirations, and challenges of women during this time. "The Trees" can be seen as a reflection of the broader feminist struggle for empowerment, liberation, and the rejection of societal norms that constrained women's agency and self-expression. The historical context of the poem, within the context of the feminist movement, adds depth to the interpretation of this phrase and highlights the larger themes of gender, identity, and societal transformation that Rich was engaging with in her poetry. Theme The core theme of "The Trees" by Adrienne Rich is transformation, growth, and liberation. The poem uses vivid imagery of trees moving from an enclosed space to an open forest to symbolize a profound journey of change and liberation. The trees in the poem represent both individual and collective experiences of breaking free from constraints, embracing authenticity, and undergoing a transformative process. Throughout the poem, Rich emphasizes the idea of movement, both physical and metaphorical, as the trees disengage from their confined space and venture into the open forest. This movement signifies a shift from stagnation to vitality, from limitation to freedom. The imagery of roots working to disengage from cracks and leaves straining toward the glass conveys the effort and determination required for this transformation to occur. The theme of liberation is also evident in the comparison of the trees to "newly discharged patients" moving to clinic doors. This analogy suggests a sense of vulnerability, uncertainty, and hope as the trees transition from confinement to a new phase of existence. Overall, the core theme of the poem is about embracing change, overcoming limitations, and stepping into a state of greater authenticity and growth. The poem's imagery and symbolism invite readers to reflect on their own journeys of transformation and the challenges and rewards that come with breaking free from societal norms and personal constraints. Stanza-Wise Explanation Lines 1-7 The trees inside are moving out into the forest, the forest that was empty all these days where no bird could sit no insect hide no sun bury its feet in shadow the forest that was empty all these nights will be full of trees by morning. Explanation: In these lines, Adrienne Rich describes the trees breaking free from their confinement inside a human-made space and returning to their natural habitat, the forest. The forest, which had been desolate and lifeless ("empty all these days"), will soon be revived with the trees. The imagery of birds, insects, and sunlight unable to exist in the empty forest suggests that nature thrives only when it is whole and free. By morning, the trees will reclaim the forest, symbolizing a restoration of balance and freedom. Glossary Moving out: The trees are metaphorically freeing themselves from the restrictions of human control. The forest that was empty: Refers to the lifelessness of nature when separated from its natural environment. No bird could sit, no insect hide: Highlights the absence of life and biodiversity in the empty forest. Sun bury its feet in shadow: In this line, the speaker is describing the forest as a place where even the sun's rays are unable to cast shadows because there were no trees. will be full of trees by morning. Throughout the night, the trees are exerting effort to free themselves from the confines of the house. By the break of dawn, they will have successfully migrated to the forest, where they will find their new home. ill have successfully migrated to the forest, where they will find their new home. Lines 8-10 "All night the roots work to disengage themselves from the cracks in the veranda floor." Explanation: In these lines Adrienne Rich depicts the relentless effort of the trees' roots as they try to free themselves from the confinement of the veranda floor. This imagery symbolizes nature’s persistence and desire for freedom. The "cracks in the veranda floor" represent the boundaries imposed by human structures, while the "roots" signify the deep, organic connection to nature. The phrase "all night" emphasizes the quiet yet constant struggle for liberation, as the trees gradually break free from artificial restrictions, reclaiming their rightful place in the natural world. The roots' efforts to disengage from these cracks imply a determined and persistent struggle for freedom and growth. Glossary: to disengage themselves from the cracks The phrase "to disengage themselves from the cracks" refers to the roots of the trees working to break free from the fissures or gaps in the veranda floor. This action symbolizes the trees' struggle to overcome limitations and constraints, reflecting their determination to escape confinement and embrace a transformative journey. Cracks in the veranda floor: Represents the small openings or weaknesses in the man-made structure (the veranda), through which nature (the roots) is pushing its way out. Lines 11-16 "The leaves strain toward the glass small twigs stiff with exertion long-cramped boughs shuffling under the roof like newly discharged patients half-dazed, moving to the clinic doors." Explanation: In these lines, Adrienne Rich uses vivid imagery to convey the trees’ struggle to break free from their confined environment. The leaves  and twigs  strain and exert themselves, trying to reach the outside world beyond the glass, symbolizing their yearning for freedom. The long-cramped boughs , restricted under the roof for so long, shuffle like newly discharged patients , half-dazed and uncertain, making their way to the clinic doors . This comparison underscores the idea of recovery and release after a period of confinement, symbolizing nature's slow return to its natural state. Overall, these lines convey a sense of dynamic change, growth, and struggle as the trees work to break free from confinement, bring life to a barren landscape, and embrace their newfound freedom in the forest. The imagery evokes a mix of anticipation, effort, and transformation, inviting readers to contemplate the broader themes of renewal and liberation. Glossary Leaves strain toward the glass: The leaves are stretching or pushing against the glass, symbolizing their effort to escape confinement. Small twigs stiff with exertion: The thin branches are tense and rigid due to the effort they are making to break free. Long-cramped boughs: The larger branches of the trees have been confined for a long time, representing nature being restricted in a man-made space. Shuffling under the roof: The branches are moving slowly and awkwardly, similar to someone recovering from an illness, as they try to break free from the confines of the house. Like newly discharged patients: A simile comparing the trees’ slow, awkward movement to patients who have just left the hospital, symbolizing their fragility and disorientation. Half-dazed, moving to the clinic doors: Suggests the trees’ uncertain yet determined movement towards freedom, similar to patients hesitantly heading toward the exit of a clinic after being released. Line 17-24 I sit inside, doors open to the veranda writing long letters in which I scarcely mention the departure of the forest from the house. The night is fresh, the whole moon shines in a sky still open the smell of leaves and lichen still reaches like a voice into the rooms Explanation: In these lines, the speaker observes the departure of the trees from within the house but remains detached, merely writing letters that barely mention this significant event. The open doors symbolize her passive witness to the escape of the forest. The "night is fresh" and the "whole moon shines," emphasizing a sense of renewal and freedom in nature outside. Despite the physical separation, the "smell of leaves and lichen" enters the house "like a voice," representing nature’s persistent presence, even when ignored. This reflects the tension between the speaker’s detachment and the powerful force of nature. Doors open to the veranda: Symbolizes openness and the boundary between the confined space (the house) and the natural world outside (veranda). Writing long letters: The speaker is engaged in personal thoughts or communication, but without fully addressing the significant departure of the trees. Scarcely mention the departure: The speaker downplays or barely acknowledges the important event of the forest leaving the house, representing human indifference to nature's reclamation. The poet observes the departure of the trees, but she doesn't directly get involved in the event. She recognizes the powerful change that the trees represent, similar to oppressed individuals gaining freedom. The whole moon shines: The full moon suggests completeness and clarity, perhaps symbolizing the awakening or liberation of nature. Sky still open: Represents freedom and the vast, unconfined natural world, in contrast to the enclosed human space. The smell of leaves and lichen still reaches like a voice: The natural elements (leaves, lichen) metaphorically "speak" to the speaker, symbolizing nature's continued presence, even from a distance. Lines 25-32 My head is full of whispers which tomorrow will be silent. Listen. The glass is breaking. The trees are stumbling forward into the night. Winds rush to meet them. The moon is broken like a mirror, its pieces flash now in the crown of the tallest oak. Explanation: In these lines, Adrienne Rich uses vivid imagery to illustrate the climax of the trees' escape from confinement. The speaker's mind is "full of whispers," likely representing thoughts or emotions about nature’s departure, which will be "silent" tomorrow, indicating that the event will be over, and possibly forgotten. The breaking glass  signals the physical breaking free of the trees, as they "stumble forward into the night" toward their freedom. The wind  greets the trees, symbolizing nature reclaiming its place. The broken moon  resembles a shattered mirror, with pieces reflecting in the crown of the tallest oak , symbolizing the fragmented yet powerful return of nature’s beauty and majesty Glossary My head is full of whispers: Represents internal thoughts or a sense of anticipation, perhaps the speaker's awareness of the trees' escape. Here, the speaker refers to a mental state characterized by a flurry of thoughts, ideas, or possibly emotions ("whispers"). Tomorrow will be silent: Suggests that after the event of the trees leaving, there will be silence—perhaps an indication of how nature’s absence goes unnoticed. The glass is breaking: A dramatic moment, symbolizing the trees physically breaking free from the confines of the house, and the destruction of barriers between nature and captivity. The trees are stumbling forward: The trees, like hesitant beings, are moving awkwardly but persistently toward their freedom. Winds rush to meet them: Symbolizes nature welcoming the trees back, with the wind representing freedom and vitality. The moon is broken like a mirror: A metaphor for the fragmented reflection of the moon, perhaps indicating a disruption in the natural order or how nature’s beauty, once contained, now reflects in new ways. Its pieces flash in the crown of the tallest oak: The shattered pieces of the moon reflect in the top branches of the oak tree, symbolizing the reestablishment of nature’s dominance and its restored connection to the sky and light. Note: These lines capture a sense of impending change, with the breaking glass, moving trees, rushing winds, and the shattered moon all contributing to the atmosphere of transformation and transition. The imagery conveys a feeling of urgency and movement, inviting readers to reflect on the fleeting nature of moments and the profound shifts that life can bring. NCERT Solution ( Page 100-101) Thinking about the Poem 1. (i) Find, in the first stanza, three things that cannot happen in a treeless forest. Ans In a forest without trees, three things cannot occur: birds cannot perch, insects cannot find concealment, and the sun cannot cast its shadowed embrace. (ii) What picture do these words create in your mind: “… sun bury its feet in shadow…”? What could the poet mean by the sun’s ‘feet’? The words paint a vivid picture of sunlight filtering through the forest's trees. The poet gives human qualities to the sun. She describes the shadow that falls on the forest floor where the sun's rays can't reach. This imagery makes it appear as if the sun's rays are a person standing in the forest, with his feet covered in shadow. 2. (i) Where are the trees in the poem? What do their roots, their leaves, and their twigs do? The trees are located inside the poet's house. Throughout the night, their roots work hard to free themselves from the crevices in the veranda floor, their leaves stretch toward the windows, and their small branches move restlessly under the roof. (ii) What does the poet compare their branches to? The poet compares their branches to newly discharged patients who move towards the clinic doors in a half-dazed state. 3. (i) How does the poet describe the moon: (a) at the beginning of the third stanza, and (b) at its end? What causes this change? (a) In the opening of the third stanza, the poet portrays the moon as complete and radiant, casting its light across the expansive, unobstructed sky. (b) Towards the end of the stanza, the poet depicts a transformation in the moon's appearance. Initially, the moon is described as whole and visible in the open sky. However, as the trees return to the forest, the moon is likened to a shattered mirror, with fragments of it gleaming from the highest oak tree. This change in the moon's image is attributed to the trees' movement. In the treeless forest, the sky was expansive and unobstructed, allowing the entire moon to be seen. (ii) What happens to the house when the trees move out of it? As the trees make their departure, the scent of leaves and lichen continues to waft into the room through the open doors leading to the veranda. Simultaneously, the glass of the house shatters as the trees stumble and move out into the night. These events mark a profound shift in the poem, signifying the trees' liberation and transformation. (iii) Why do you think the poet does not mention “the departure of the forest from the house” in her letters? (Could it be that we are often silent about important happenings that are so unexpected that they embarrass us? Think about this again when you answer the next set of questions. (Competency Based Question) The poet's silence about "the departure of the forest from the house" in her letters could be due to the unexpected nature of the event. Such extraordinary occurrences can be hard to put into words, and they may evoke complex emotions or reactions that are difficult to articulate. In some cases, the sheer novelty or astonishment of an event can render us momentarily speechless. The poet might not mention the trees' departure in her letters because she believes it's such a significant event that it will become widely known without her having to announce it explicitly. Alternatively, she could consider the departure a deeply personal experience, making her hesitant to share it with others. This reflects how some profound moments are either inherently public or intensely private. 4. Now that you have read the poem in detail, we can begin to ask what the poem might mean. Here are two suggestions. Can you think of others? (i) Does the poem present a conflict between man and nature? Compare it with A Tiger in the Zoo. Is the poet suggesting that plants and trees, used for ‘interior decoration’ in cities while forests are cut down, are ‘imprisoned’, and need to ‘break out’? (Competency Based Question) Ans: "The Trees" by Adrienne Rich does not present a direct conflict between humanity and nature. Instead, the poem primarily focuses on the transformative journey of the trees themselves. It explores themes of growth, liberation, and the resilience of the natural world. While the poem does depict the trees' movement from an indoor environment to the open forest, it does not frame this as a conflict with humanity or as a result of human actions. Instead, the poem emphasizes the natural world's ability to adapt and flourish, even in changing circumstances. In contrast, "A Tiger in the Zoo" by Leslie Norris does depict a conflict between a captive tiger and humans who observe it in a zoo. The poem delves into themes of captivity, freedom, and the impact of human intervention on the natural world. The poet does suggest that plants and trees used for interior decoration in cities, while forests are cut down, are in a way 'imprisoned.' The trees in the poem represent a desire for freedom and a return to their natural environment. The idea is that nature should not be confined within urban spaces but should have the opportunity to thrive and grow freely in its native habitat. The poem can be interpreted as a metaphorical call for a more harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world, where nature is allowed to break free from constraints imposed by urbanization and flourish in its own right. (ii) On the other hand, Adrienne Rich has been known to use trees as a metaphor for human beings; this is a recurrent image in her poetry. What new meanings emerge from the poem if you take its trees to be symbolic of this particular meaning? (Competency Based Question) If we view the trees in Adrienne Rich's "The Trees" as symbolic of human beings, the poem takes on a new depth of meaning. It becomes a metaphor for the human experience. The trees' struggle to move from the house to the forest represents the universal human quest for freedom, self-discovery, and personal growth. It can also symbolize collective movements for empowerment and social change. This interpretation underscores the interconnectedness of humans with the natural world, emphasizing the need for harmony between the two. Ultimately, the poem becomes a powerful call for individuals to break free from constraints, both personal and societal, and to embrace their true selves while fostering a more just and environmentally conscious society. 5. You may read the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ by Gieve Patel (Beehive – Textbook in English for Class IX, NCERT). Compare and contrast it with the poem you have just read. (Competency Based Question) Ans: Comparing "On Killing a Tree" by Gieve Patel with Adrienne Rich's "The Trees" reveals two distinct approaches to the theme of trees. While both poems use trees as central symbols, they diverge in their treatment of the subject matter. Gieve Patel's "On Killing a Tree" is a poignant exploration of the destructive power of humans over nature. It delves into the act of killing a tree and the relentless determination it requires. Patel's poem highlights the human role in the tree's demise, underscoring our capacity to harm nature intentionally. Through vivid and sometimes brutal imagery, such as "blisters," "white snaking roots," and "green thrusts itself through asphalt," Patel conveys the pain and struggle associated with the act of killing a tree. The poem's overall tone is one of condemnation, offering a critical view of human actions that harm the environment. Adrienne Rich's "The Trees," on the other hand, takes a different approach. It centers on the transformative journey of trees, symbolizing growth, liberation, and resilience. Rich's poem suggests that nature and human-made structures can coexist harmoniously, highlighting the adaptability of nature. The trees in this poem can also be seen as metaphors for human experience, representing personal and collective journeys of self-discovery and empowerment. The imagery employed by Rich is evocative of growth and transformation, creating a contemplative and transformative tone. In summary, while both poems revolve around trees, they offer contrasting perspectives. "On Killing a Tree" focuses on the destructive impact of humans on nature, while "The Trees" emphasizes transformation, growth, and the potential for a more harmonious coexistence between humans and the natural world. 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Lesson Architecture Theme Lesson-At-A-glance NCERT Solution Extra Questions Theme: The lesson is an excerpt from the novel ' The Citadel', which deals with the intricacies of human relationships. It also focuses on the commitment of a dedicated doctor Dr. Andrew in contrast to today's money-minded doctors. The lesson conveys the message that with sheer determination and dedication we can reach any limestone in our careers. Lesson-At-A- Glance Andrew Manson was newly out of medical school and started his medical practice as assistant to Dr. Edward Page in a small mining town of Blaenelly. The protagonist Dr. Andrew is found to be lost in thought following a bad patch in his personal relationship with his lady love. Outside Dr. Andrew's house, he saw Joe Morgan was found to be pacing up and down at midnight. Joe's wife was about to deliver their first child and wanted the doctor to be there. Dr. Andrew kept his personal affairs aside and accompanied Joe to his house. Andrew went up to the bedroom where Mrs. Morgan's mother and a midwife were standing beside the patient. He assured the old woman that he would be there till everything was done. Mrs. Morgan's mother informed him that Susan-Mrs. Morgan- did not want to be given chloroform if it would harm the baby. Andrew assured that chloroform would do no harm. After a long harsh struggle for an hour a child was born towards the dawn. On looking at the lifeless child, Dr. Andrew shivered with horror. Then he looked at Mrs. Morgan who demanded immediate attention. Dr. Andrew was in a dilemma regarding whom he should attend first- the child or the mother. Andrew handed the child over to the nurse and shifted his attention to Mrs. Morgan who was unconscious. After a few minutes of frantic struggle he could stabilise Mrs. Morgan and went back to the child. The midwife had placed the child beneath the bed among the newspapers. He pulled out the perfectly formed baby boy. The body was warm, white and soft, but limp and seemed boneless. Andrew could understand that it was a case of suffocation due to lack of oxygen and excess of carbon-dioxide in the blood. Andrew started giving the necessary treatment. He did not lose heart. The midwife again and again told him that it was a still born child. He shouted urgently for hot and cold water and basins. He poured hot and cold water into two basins and with quick movements, hurried the child from one to the other. He laboured in vain for half an hour. There was still no sign of life. he felt utterly dejected when he thought how desperately Mr and Mrs.Morgan were asking for the baby. Andrew continued with his last effort of rubbing the body with a rough towel, crushing and releasing the chest with both his hands somehow trying to bring in some sign of life. Suddenly miraculously a short movement was visible on the chest. It seemed to rise in breath. He redoubled his efforts and the sense of body springing back to life beneath his fingers almost made him faint. The skin slowly turned pink and finally came the child's cry. Andrew handed the child to the nurse who sobbed hysterically. The old woman stood against the wall and was praying. Andrew went downstairs and drank lot of water. As he stepped out, he found Joe waiting there, tense and expectant. He walked down the street and experienced an exceptional sense of relief and fulfillment at having done something real at last. NCERT Solution Reading With Insight 1.' 'I've done something; oh god! I've done something real at last.' Why does Andrew say this? What does it mean? Ans: Anderew makes this statement when he walked out of Morgan's house after a night long struggle with the seemingly dead child. Andrew was struggling a lot to bring life to the apparently dead child. He poured hot and cold water into two basins and with quick movements, hurried the child from one to the other. He laboured in vain for half an hour. There was still no sign of life. He felt utterly dejected when he thought how desperately Mr and Mrs.Morgan were asking for the baby. Andrew continued with his last effort of rubbing the body with a rough towel, crushing and releasing the chest with both his hands. Thus he heaved a sigh of relief at having tasted success with his frantic effort. It means that Andrew is a very committed and loyal doctor. He is very tenacious and does not give up even when he feels like giving up. He can put his medicine learning successfully into practice. 2. There lies a great difference between textbook medicine and the world of a practicing physician. Discuss. Ans: Textbook will suggest you a generic method of treatment based on some symptoms. It describes the general symptoms and corresponding treatment options. Doctors gather concept and viable suggestive treatments. On the other hand, there is a completely different world of a practicing physicians. There is a host of patients with seemingly common yet very different diseases. Only the practicing physician with his hands-on experience with patients adopt customized treatment procedure to cure the patient. The learning experience resulting out of case studies is very fruitful for the practicing physician. 3. Do you know of any incident when someone has be brought back to life from the brink of death through medical help? Discuss medical procedures such as organ transplant and organ regeneration that are used to save human life. Ans: Make a research on the above question and text me your findings either through mail or in the comment box. Extra Questions 1. Who was Andrew Manson? why was Joe Morgan waiting for him? Andrew Manson was a doctor newly out of medical college. He started his medical practice as an assistant to Dr. Edward Page in a small Welsh mining town of Blaenelly. He was returning from a disappointing evening with Chrisitine, the girl he was in love with. Joe Morgan was pacing up and down his house awaiting his return. His wife Susan was to deliver their first child after twenty years of marriage. She was in distress and had called for the doctor. 2. Describe how Andrew Manson was able to save the child. Ans: Andrew pulled out the perfectly formed baby from below the bed where the nurse had kept it. The body was warm, limp, white and soft. He realized the baby was suffocated due to lack of oxygen in blood. He urgently ordered for basins of hot and cold water. He dipped the baby alternately in hot and cold water and repeatedly pumped the chest hard with both hands. In a miraculous turn of events , the child's chest heaved and it let out a cry. 3. What did Susan's mother fear? How did Andrew react to it? Ans: The old woman feared that Andrew might decide to leave as there was still some time left for the delivery. Andrew could read her fears and reassured her that he would not go until all was done. 4. Explain the significance of the title 'Birth'. T he title 'Birth' is apt as the story revolves round the birth of a child. The story is an instance of undying passion and tenacious effort of a doctor to save the apparently dead child. The effort that he has taken to restore the life in the child is praiseworthy and merits huge applause. In addition to the birth of a child, this lesson also showcases the birth of confidence and commitment to Andrew Manson's medical profession.

Study the following questions & Ace your marks in English Q1. Describe how Professor Gaitonde demonstrated critical thinking when he encountered a different reality. Professor Gaitonde demonstrated critical thinking by quickly recognizing that the world around him had diverged from the history he knew. Instead of reacting emotionally, he logically assessed his situation. For example, when he found the East India Company still in power and the Marathas ruling over large parts of India, he formulated a plan to visit the Asiatic Society library to consult history books. He used his expertise as a historian to trace where history had taken a different course, specifically identifying the Marathas’ victory at the Battle of Panipat as the turning point in this alternate reality .

Solve the Board Previous Year Questions ( PYQs) and ace your marks in Board Exam in 2025. Q1.Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow (1) Held every year on 21 May, UNESCO leads the celebration of World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development highlighting not only the richness of the world's cultures, but also the essential role of intercultural dialogue for achieving peace and sustainable development. (2) A recent international emergency has proved the intrinsic value of the cultural and creative sector at generating social cohesion, educational resource or personal well-being in times of crisis. It has also underscored the sector's potential to generate economic growth, something which is too often underestimated. (3) With the adoption in September 2015 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by the United Nations, and the resolution on Culture and Sustainable Development adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2015, the message of the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development is more important rtant than ever. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can best be achieved by drawing upon the creative potential of the world's diverse cultures and engaging in continuous dialogue to ensure that all members of society benefit from sustainable development. (4) Bridging the gap between cultures is urgent and necessary for peace, stability and development. Cultural diversity is a driving force of development, not only with respect to economic growth, but also as a means of leading a more fulfilling intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual life. This is captured in the culture conventions, which provide a solid basis for the promotion of cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is thus an asset that is indispensable for poverty reduction and the achievement of sustainable development. (5) At the same time, acceptance and recognition of cultural diversity in particular through innovative use of media and Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) are conducive to dialogue among civilizations and cultures, respect and mutual understanding. (6) In 2001, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Next, in December 2002, the UN General Assembly, in its resolution 57/249, declared May 21 to be the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, and in 2015, the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly unanimously adopted the resolution on Culture and Sustainable Development, affirming culture's contribution to the three dimensions of sustainable development, acknowledging further the natural and cultural diversity of the world, and recognizing that cultures and civilizations can contribute to, and are crucial enablers of, sustainable development. (7) The day provides us with an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the values of cultural diversity and to achieve the goals of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions adopted on 20 October, 2005. Answer the following questions based on the above passage: (i) Based on the reading and understanding of the above passage, list 2 points to describe the purpose of UNESCO leading the celebration of World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. (a) _______ (b) _______ (ii) Select the option that corresponds to the meaning of the following sentence from para (2). The recent international emergency has proved the intrinsic value of the cultural and creative sector at generating social cohesion, educational resource or personal well-being in times of crisis. (A) the real worth of cultural sector at generating social cohesion during pandemics (B) the real worth of creative sector at undermining the social cohesion during an international emergency (C) questioning the real worth of creative sector at generating education resource during an international emergency (D) highlighting the real worth of cultural and creative sector at generating social cohesion and educational resource during an international emergency. (iii) Based on your reading of the passage, examine in about 40 words how Sustainable Development Goals can be achieved. (iv) What is the tone of the writer in the given line from paragraph (4)?       Rationalise your response in about 40 words: "Cultural diversity is an asset." (v) The phrase 'bridging the gap' in paragraph (4) refers to: (A) widening the differences (B) connecting two desparate ideas (C) supporting the bridging (D) filling in the space between two connected things (vi) In sets a-e below, identify two sets of synonyms. a richness and poverty b. intellectual and moral C. reduction and promotion d. essential and intrinsic e. urgent and crucial Options: (A) a and c (B) bande (C) dande (D) band d vii) Complete the sentence appropriately: ( The Second Committee of UN General Assembly in 20 adopted viii) Complete the following sentence:  ________  is urgent and necessary for peace, stability and development. Answer Key I. (i) To highlight richness of world’s cultures. To play essential role of inter-cultural dialogue for achieving peace and sustainable development. (ii) (D) – highlighting the real world of cultural and creative sector at generating social cohesion and educational resource during an international emergency. (iii) Draw upon creative potential of world’s diverse cultures, engage in continuous dialogue to ensure that all members of society benefit from sustainable development. (iv) A positive/appreciative/optimistic statement that highlights/emphasizes on the advantages of a cultural diversity rather than viewing it as a cause of undermining the situation/cultural diversity is dispensable for poverty reduction/cultural diversity important for sustainable development (any other relevant response for tone must be accepted) (v) (B) – 1 mark to be awarded to each child. There is error in the spelling of the word ‘disparate’ which changes the meaning of the word completely. (vi) (C) – (d & e) essential and intrinsic Urgent and crucial (vii) The resolution on cultural and sustainable development, affirming culture’s contribution to the three dimensions of sustainable development. (viii) Bridging the gap between culture 2. Read the following passage based on case study and answer the questions that follow: (1) The National Education Policy 2020 proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of education, including the educational structure, regulations and governance, to create a new system which is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century students. According to the policy, by 2025, at least 50% of learners through the school and higher education system shall have exposure to skill education, for which a clear action plan with targets and timelines are to be developed. (2) The policy aims to overcome the social status hierarchy associated with skill education and integration of skill education into mainstream education in all educational institutions in a phased manner. Beginning with skill exposure at early ages in middle and secondary school, quality skill education will be integrated smoothly into school and higher education. (3) Every child will learn at least one skill and is exposed to several more. This would lead to emphasizing the dignity of labour and importance of various vocations involving Indian arts and artisanship. (4) The development of skill capacities will go hand-in-hand with the development of 'academic' or other capacities. To achieve this objective, secondary schools will have to collaborate with Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), Polytechnics, Local Industry, etc. Skill labs will also be set up and created in the schools in a Hub and Spoke model, which will allow other schools to use the facility. Higher education institutions will offer skill education either on their own or in partnership with industry and other institutions. Based on your understanding of the extract, answer the questions given below: (1) Based on the reading of the extract, list 2 objectives of NEP 2020 (6) Fill in the blank with appropriate option from those given in the brackets, based on the understanding of paragraph (4) The statement: "The development of skill capacities will go hand-in-hand with the developement of academic or other capacities is a/an (fact/opinion) because it is a/an judgement/objective detail) Loubjective (ill) Select the option that corresponds to the meaning of the statement given below: "According to the policy, by 2025, at least 50% of learners through the school and higher education system shall have exposure to skill education." (A) Maximum 50% learners shall have education exposure to technical (B) Minimum 50% learners shall have exposure to technical eduration (C) Minimum 50% learners shall have exposure to skill education (D) Maximum 50% learners shall have exposure to skill education Based on the understanding of the passage, complete the following statements appropriately The benefit of the hub and spoke model will be ____ (v) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph (3): Racism: Condemn :: _____ : Respect VI. As per the Global Scenario which country has the maximum percentage of students in Skill Education and what can be the possible reason? (vii) Fill in the following blank choosing the most appropriate option from the ones given below: As per NEP 2020, skill exposure will begin at _____ (A) middle and secondary school (B) primary school (C) higher school (D) senior secondary school (viii) Justify the statement: ''The NEP will create an awareness and appreciation of Indian arts and artisanship." Answer Key (i) Overcome social status hierarchy associated with vocational education. integration into mainstream education revision and revamping of all aspects of education aligning aspirational goals of 21st century with education system (Any two points) (ii) An Opinion/a subjective judgement (the combination has to be correct.) (1) (No partial credit) (iii) (C) – minimum 50% learners shall have exposure to vocational education (iv) It will allow other schools to use the facility of skill labs (v) Dignity of labour/labour/artisanship (vi) South Korea – any appropriate reason related to South Korea (vii) (A) – middle and secondary school (viii) any one relevant point from below child will learn at least one skill understand dignity of labour appreciate Indian Arts & Artisanship

Welcome, educators, to a world where learning English grammar is not just about rote memorization but a fun and engaging experience through interactive games. In this blog post, we delve into the realm of English grammar games, exploring how they can revolutionize the way students grasp complex grammar concepts with ease. Why Grammar Games? Grammar is often deemed as a dry and daunting subject by many students. However, with the rise of technology and gamification in education, teaching grammar has taken a whole new exciting turn. English grammar games provide a dynamic platform for students to practice grammar rules in a stimulating and interactive environment. Benefits of Incorporating Games: Engagement: By infusing elements of play into learning, students are more motivated and engaged in the learning process. Games create a competitive and enjoyable atmosphere that encourages active participation. Retention: Through repeated exposure in a playful context, grammar rules become ingrained in students' memory. This leads to better retention and application of grammar concepts in practical scenarios. Types of Grammar Games: Grammar Board Games: These interactive board games encourage students to answer grammar-related questions to advance on the board. They foster collaboration, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Online Interactive Quizzes: Digital platforms offer a myriad of interactive quizzes and puzzles that test students' grammar knowledge in a fun and engaging way. These quizzes can be customized to target specific grammar rules. Grammar Escape Rooms: Immersive and challenging, grammar escape rooms task students with solving grammar-related puzzles to "escape." This game type promotes teamwork, communication, and analytical thinking. Implementing Grammar Games in the Classroom: Integrate Games into Lesson Plans: Incorporate grammar games as part of your lesson plans to break the monotony of traditional teaching methods. Games can be used as warm-up activities, review sessions, or even assessment tools. Create a Game-Friendly Environment: Designate a dedicated space in your classroom for game sessions. Ensure the area is conducive to gameplay with sufficient seating arrangements and game materials readily available. Conclusion: In conclusion, English grammar games are a powerful educational tool that transforms grammar learning into an engaging and immersive experience. By leveraging the allure of games, educators can enhance student learning outcomes and foster a deeper understanding of English grammar rules. So, let's embrace the spirit of gamification in education and embark on an exciting journey of exploring innovative ways to engage students with English grammar games. Together, we can make learning grammar a thrilling adventure! Remember, learning should be fun, and with English grammar games, the possibilities are endless! Sample Grammar Game 1 Sample Game 2

India's Achievements in 2024 and the Challenges lie ahead of Us. Download the PDF of the Speech👇 Introduction Respected Chief Guest, Dignitaries, Principal, teachers, and my dear friends, Today, we gather to celebrate the 77th anniversary of India's independence. This day is a tribute to the countless freedom fighters whose sacrifices and struggles have gifted us a free nation. It is a moment to reflect on our journey, to celebrate our achievements, and to look ahead with hope and determination. As we honour our past, we also embrace our future, committed to building an India that stands tall on the global stage. Achievements of India in the Last Year (September 2023-July 2024) In the past year, India has witnessed significant progress in various fields, showcasing our nation's relentless pursuit of excellence and innovation. 1. Education: The implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has continued to bring transformative changes in the education sector. With the introduction of new curricula emphasizing critical thinking and creativity, students are better prepared for the challenges of the modern world. The expansion of digital learning platforms and initiatives like the DIKSHA portal have ensured that education remains accessible to all, even in the most remote corners of the country. 2. Science & Technology: India's strides in science and technology have been commendable. ISRO's successful launch of the Gaganyaan mission has marked a significant milestone, paving the way for India's first manned space mission. Innovations in artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology have positioned India as a leader in global tech advancements. Our scientists and researchers continue to make groundbreaking discoveries, contributing to the global knowledge economy. 3. Defense: The modernization of our defense forces has been a priority, with the induction of cutting-edge technology and equipment. The Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative has propelled self-reliance in defense manufacturing, with successful tests of indigenous missiles and the commissioning of advanced naval vessels. These advancements not only enhance our national security but also establish India as a formidable defense power. 4. Information Technology (IT) & Cyber Security: India's IT sector remains a global powerhouse, driving innovation and economic growth. The past year has seen remarkable advancements in cybersecurity, with the implementation of robust frameworks to protect our digital infrastructure. Initiatives to promote digital literacy and cybersecurity awareness have strengthened our defenses against cyber threats, ensuring a secure digital environment for all citizens. 5. Sports Indian athletes have continued to shine on the international stage, bringing home numerous accolades. Our performance in the Asian Games and various international championships has been stellar, with athletes showcasing exceptional talent and determination. The rise of sports culture in the country, supported by robust infrastructure and training programs, has been commendable. 6. Business Despite global economic challenges, India's economy has shown remarkable resilience. The startup ecosystem has thrived, with Indian startups receiving significant funding and recognition globally. The emphasis on ease of doing business, digitalization, and policy reforms has created a conducive environment for entrepreneurship and economic growth. Initiatives like 'Make in India' and 'Startup India' continue to bolster our economy, driving innovation and job creation. Challenges Ahead While we celebrate these achievements, we must acknowledge the challenges that lie ahead. Ensuring equitable access to education and healthcare, addressing environmental concerns, and bridging the urban-rural divide remain critical issues. Additionally, fostering social harmony and unity in our diverse nation is paramount for sustained progress. We must also remain vigilant in safeguarding our democratic values and upholding the principles of justice and equality. The digital divide poses a significant challenge, as we strive to ensure that technological advancements benefit all sections of society. Addressing cybersecurity threats is crucial to protecting our national interests and maintaining public trust in digital systems. Furthermore, the global economic landscape requires us to be adaptable and resilient, ready to navigate uncertainties and leverage opportunities. Conclusion (Independence Day Speech) As we look to the future, let us draw inspiration from our past and commit ourselves to the ideals of our great nation. Together, we can overcome challenges and continue to build an India that is strong, prosperous, and inclusive. Let us work with dedication and determination, ensuring that the tricolor flies high with pride and honour. On this Independence Day, let us pledge to contribute to our nation's growth and prosperity, upholding the values of freedom, justice, and equality. Let us strive to create an India where every citizen can realize their dreams and aspirations. Together, we can make our nation a beacon of hope and progress for the world. Jai Hind!

Subscribe to our YouTube Channel by clicking here Thinking about the Text ( Page 40) Q1. ‘I’ll take the risk.’’ What is the risk? Why does the narrator take it? Ans Risk here refers to not flying back to Paris when he came to know about the storm. Despite being aware of the bad weather, the pilot headed straight into the storm and risked the lives of his fellow passengers. The pilot’s decision making was clouded by his wish to meet his family and join them to have English breakfast which he had been dreaming all day. Q2. Describe the narrator’s experience as he flew the aeroplane into the storm. Ans: The narrator was frightened as he lost control of the plane. He felt helpless as the compass and the other instruments had stopped working. Nothing outside the aeroplane was invisible when suddenly in the midst of nowhere, an unknown plane was visible and the pilot was eager to help him. The narrator was panicking because there was very less fuel left. However, he managed to escape the storm with the help of the strange pilot who came to his rescue out of the blue. Q3. Why does the narrator say, ‘ I landed and was not sorry to walk away from the old Dakota…? Ans: The narrator had landed at an unknown place as his compass and radar had stopped functioning in the storm. He was not scared to leave the plane unattended and go to control centre to enquire about the mysterious plane which had helped him out of the storm. Q4 What made the woman in the control centre look at the narrator strangely? Ans: The woman in the control centre looked at the narrator strangely when he asked about the other pilot that helped him escape from storm. This is because there was no other plane in the sky during such bad weather. Q5. Who do you think helped the narrator to reach safely? Discuss this among yourselves and give reason for your answer. Ans: It means that the pilot’s own conscience which helped him out of the storm. There was no other plane out on that stormy night. So probably, he was hallucinating as a pilot, which led him out of that black cloud. Extra Questions Q1.What did the author see in the black clouds near him? Why did he follow it? Ans: Just when the author thought that he was lost in the storm, he saw another aeroplane in the black clouds. It was flying next to him through the storm. He could see the pilot's face as it was turned towards him. The pilot lifted one hand and waved to the author, signaling him to follow him. The author realized that the pilot was trying to help him, and so he followed him like an obedient child. Q2. How did the pilot of the black aeroplane help the author out of the storm clouds? Ans: The pilot raised one hand and waved to the author, as if to say 'Follow me.' He turned his aeroplane slowly to the north, in front of the authors' Dakota, so that it would be easier for him to follow. It flew in front of the author for about half an hour. Then just as the fuel had started to run out, it began to descend. The author followed and suddenly came out of the clouds. He saw two straight lines of light in front of him. They belonged to a runway. The author was about to land and was safe. Q3. Why did the woman in the control centre look at the author very strangely and laugh? Ans: the woman in the control centre looked at the author very strangely and laughed because she was surprised at the author's question. There was o other aeroplane flying up in that storm. The author's was the only one she had seen on the radar. Q4. (i) Why did the pilot call the Paris Control the first time? (ii) What was the advice of the Paris Control? Ans : (i) The first time, the pilot called the Paris Control Room to enquire about the location of the plane and the route to be followed. (ii) The Paris Control advised him to turn twelve degrees west towards England. Q5. Why did the pilot fly straight into the storm instead of returning to Paris? Ans : The pilot had a strong desire to get back home and have breakfast with his family. That is why, pilot took the risk and flew straight into the storm instead of going back to Paris. Q6. Do you think the story ‘The Black Aeroplane’ is a mystery? Do you see some elements of supernatural power in the story? Do you believe in supernatural powers? Ans : ‘The Black Aeroplane’ by Frederick Forsyth is undoubtedly a mystery. The pilot of the old Dakota plane is trapped in black stormy clouds. Nothing is visible. All the instruments of his plane also stop functioning. Suddenly from nowhere a black aeroplane appears in the cloud. The pilot of the black aeroplane guides him. The plane has no lights on its wings but its pilot is still flying at ease. The first pilot arrives safely at the airport but when he goes to thank the pilot of the black plane, the woman in the control room even denies having seen any other aeroplane on the ‘radar’. This statement leaves the mystery of the pilot of the black aeroplane unfolded. However, there is no element of supernatural power in the story. There is no ghost or spirit in the plot. I don’t believe in supernatural elements like ghosts or spirits.

Lesson Architecture 1. NCERT Solution 2. CBE- Based Questions 3. Author Biography 3. Theme 4. Character Introduction 5. Story Sequence 6. Recapitulation 7. Message NCERT Solution: ( Page 34) Q1. From where did the peddler get the idea of the world being a rattrap? Ans. One day the peddler thought of one thought when he had been thinking of his rattraps. The thought was that the whole world about him with its lands and seas, its cities and villages-was nothing but a big trap. It offered riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing in the same manner as the rattrap offered cheese and pork. Thus he got the idea of the world being a rattrap. 2. Why was he amused by this idea? Ans.The world had never been very kind to the peddler. So it gave him unwanted joy tho think ill of it . He thought of people who had let themselves be caught in the dangerous snare. He was amused how people let themselves be caught in the dangerous snare and how others were still circling around the bait. He also thought of those people who were still circling around the bait to be ensnared. 3. Did the peddler expect the kind of hospitality that he received from the crofter? Ans. The peddler was accorded a warm welcome by the crofter-the owner of the cottage. The crofter served him porridge for supper and tobacco for his pipe. He also played a game of cards with him till bed time. This hospitality was never expected as the peddler usually met with sour faces when he asked for shelter. 4. Why was the crofter so talkative and friendly with the peddler? Ans. The crofter had no wife or child. He was all alone felt lonely in his cottage. He had lived a lonely life where he lived. So he poured out his heart to the stranger and received him very warmly. 5. Why did he show the thirty kronor to the peddler? Ans. The crofter informed the peddler that by selling his cow’s milk to the creamery, he had received thirty kronor . The stranger must have seemed incredulous to believe in his story. So he showed the money to him to make him believe what he said. 6. Did the peddler respect the confidence reposed in him by the crofter? Ans: No, the peddler did not repose the confidence reposed in him by the crofter. He looked at the thirty kronor, which ultimately became a bait for him. He stole the money and went away. Thus, he betrayed his own benefactor. Think As You Read ( Page 37) 1. What made the peddler think that he had indeed fallen into a rattrap? Ans. The peddler stole the crofter's money and turned off the road into the woods. But after walking a lot, he realized that he had been walking around in the same part of the forest. Thus he recalled his thoughts about the world being a rattrap and he himself had got trapped into it. 2. Why did the ironmaster speak kindly to the peddler and invite him home? Ans. The ironmaster saw the steam rise from the peddler's wet rags. He did not follow the example of the blacksmiths who hardly looked at him carefully. He mistook him for his old regimental comrade Nils Oof . The peddler's tramp-like appearance made the ironmaster empathetic towards the peddler and hence he invited the peddler home. 3. Why did the peddler decline the invitation? The peddler was already preoccupied with the guilt feeling of stealing thirty kronor from the crofter. He thought of throwing himself into the lion's den if he accepted the invitation of the ironmaster. Therefore, he declined the invitation. Think As You Read ( Page 41) 1. What made the peddler accept Edla Willmansson’s invitation? Ans. Edla's graceful interaction and powers of persuasion influenced the peddler so much so that he felt 'confidence' in her invitation to visit her house. She addressed him as captain and showed her solidarity at him for having a bad patch. Subsequently, when she invited him on the Christmas Eve, he could not help accepting her invitation. 2. What doubts did Edla have about the peddler? Ans. Edla thought that although things went downhill with the peddler, still she did not think there was anything about him to show that he had once been an educated man. 3. When did the ironmaster realise his mistake? Ans: On the instructions given by the ironmaster, the valet bathed the peddler, cut his hair and shaved him. The peddler was then dressed in a good-looking suit of the ironmaster. But he did not seem to be Nils Olof- Captain Stahle. So the ironmaster looked at him with puckered brow. He then realized that it was impossible to mistake him for an old acquaintance. 4. How did the peddler defend himself against not having revealed his true identity? Ans. The peddler explained that he was not to be blamed for this shocking revelation. All along he had maintained that he was a poor trader. He had pleaded and begged to be allowed to stay in the forge. He agreed to put on his rags again and go away. 5. Why did Edla still entertain the peddler even after she knew the truth about him? Ans. Edla being empathetic in nature could not ask the peddler to go away. Moreover, she promised him Christmas cheer. She could understand the cruelty inflicted on the peddler by the society and wanted him to enjoy a day of peace with them. Hence she still entertained the peddler even after she knew the truth about him. THINK AS YOU READ ( Page 42) 1. Why was Edla happy to see the gift left by the peddler? Ans. On opening the package of the gift, Edla was happy to see the contents. She found a small rattrap with three wrinkled ten kronor notes and a letter addressed to her. The peddler wanted to be nice in return for her goodness. Moreover, she got relief as she thought that he might have stolen the money and spoons. 2. Why did the peddler sign himself as Captain von Stahle? The ironmaster extended an invitation to the peddler to his house mistaking him for Captain von Stahle. He was treated well even after his identity was revealed. The peddler wanted to pay them by the same coin and therefore, signed himself as Captain Von Stahle. Understanding the Text ( Page 43) 1. How does the peddler interpret the acts of kindness and hospitality shown by the crofter, the ironmaster and his daughter? Ans. The peddler was an altogether different person when he met the crofter. He was mistreated by people. So he had negative attitude towards the society. In spite of being so hospitable a host, the crofter was cheater by him. The peddler considered thirty-kronor as a bait for poor traveller like him. On the other hand, he accepted the invitation of Edla with the expectation that the ironmaster might throw him a couple of kronor. But the model behaviour and the unparalleled hospitality that Edla and ironmaster showed at him made him a completely different person. Edla's pitiful attitude and genuine compassion influenced him. Her words of love and affection for a peddler transformed him into a real human being. 2. What are the instances in the story that show that the character of the ironmaster is different from that of his daughter in many ways? Ans. The ironmaster used to work in a fit of impulsiveness. As soon as he saw the peddler in the forge, he mistook him for his old regimental comrade without judging his identity properly. He became personal in his description of his family story to him and even invited him to visit his house. This is a sheer act of impulsiveness. In his house when he came to know that the peddler was not Nils Olof, his old regimental comrade, he became very arrogant with the peddler and started threatening him with the name of a sherif. It goes on to justify the fact that he was a head-strong person. On the other hand, his daughter was very much empathetic and hospital by nature. She extended a very warm behaviour and made the peddler feel comfortable in her house. Even after knowing his real identity, she kept her cool and asked him to stay back till the Christmas got over. Her compassionate attitude and model behaviour changed the peddler into a real human being. Therefore, she symbolizes true Christian values. 3. The story has many instances of unexpected reactions from the characters to others’ behaviour. Pick out instances of these surprises. Ans. The following are the instances 1. The crofter had been very hospital to the peddler. He provided the supper, shelter, tobacco roll and played cards with the peddler. In spite of being so nice with the peddler, the peddler robbed him of thirty-kronor. 2. The ironmaster mistook the peddler for Captain Von Stahle and invited him to his house. But the peddler refused his invitation. But when Edla influenced him with her soft words, the peddler surprised everyone by accepting the invitation. 3. On the instruction of the iron master, the valet bathed the peddler ,cut his hair and shaved him. He was then dressed in a good-looking suit of the ironmaster. But he did not seem to be Nils Olof- Captain Stahle. Thus the peddler gave an unpleasant surprise to the ironmaster with his tramp like appearance. 4. On discovering the identity of the peddler, the ironmaster asked him to get out from his house. But Edla surprised her father by going against his instruction. She asked the peddler to stay back till the Christmas. 5. Lastly , while going away, the peddler surprised everyone by leaving the Christmas present, thirty kronor and a rattrap for Edla. He had also surprised everyone by addressing himself as Captain Von Stahle at the end of a letter written to Edla. Q4. What made the peddler finally change his ways? Ans. Edla was kind and hospital to the peddler. She defended the peddler when her father was about to turn him out. She was still empathetic towards the peddler even after knowing his real identity. She offered him the suit as Christmas present and invited him to spend the next Christmas with them. Her love and understanding aroused the essential goodness of the peddler and he changed his ways. 5. How does the metaphor of the rattrap serve to highlight the human predicament? The world is a big rattrap. Human beings are always under baits in the form of their desire to possess material things. Life's offering riches and joys, shelter and food, heat and clothing amount to being various baits. The peddler fell prey to baits like thirty kronor in the story as well as visiting the manor house. Towards the end of the story he got an opportunity to purge himself of all his sins when he had decided to leave thirty kronor and the Christmas present that Edla gave him. Similarly, we all are susceptible to similar baits in life. The moment we give in, we tend to be trapped. Therefore, we need to be careful about our approaches towards life and not fall under temptations in the form of rattraps. Thus the story presents this fact of temptation and consequent sin and the way to purge oneself of it in a very interesting manner. 6. The peddler comes out as a person with a subtle sense of humour. How does this serve in lightening the seriousness of the theme of the story and also endear him to us? The peddler's sense of humour can be prominent in the story in the following circumstances. 1. When the ironmaster makes him ' Nils Olof', he replies humorously that God knows things have gone downhill with him. 2. He takes ironmaster's thunder lightly when his real identity is revealed. He warns the ironmaster that he too would be caught in the trap one day if he called out sheriff to arrest him. 3. He also calls himself a rat in his note to Edla and signs himself as Captain Von Stahle. This incidence is very humorous and endears himself to us. Author Biography Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf was a renowned Swedish author. She was born with severe injuries to her hip, and as a child she was unable to walk. This often kept her inside and she was unable to involve herself in activities with other children. She therefore developed a passion for reading and writing from a very young age. She is famous for having been the first ever female writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1909. A universal theme runs through all of her works- a belief that the essential goodness in a human being can be awakened through understanding a love. She was a campaigner for women’s suffrage and intervened with the Swedish government and royal family to help individuals escape from Nazi Germany to Sweden. 2. Theme This story is set in the middle of the mines of Sweden which are rich in iron ore. The story deals with how human beings are prone to traps owing to greed for material things. The hospitality and love symbolizing the Christmas spirit transforms the rattrap seller into a real human being. The author has beautifully brought out human loneliness and the need to bond with others. The Rattrap is based on the theme that the essential goodness in a human being can be awakened through understanding and love. 3. Character Introduction The Peddler : A vagabond who sold rattraps for a living, does petty thievery and begging. The Crofter : A poor generous person robbed by the Peddler. The Ironmaster : A law-abiding person, who owns Ramsjo Ironworks. Edla Willmansson The ironmaster’s daughter is a kind and compassionate lady. 3. Story Sequence (i) Key Points Once there was a rattrap seller who besides selling rattraps also resorts to begging and stealing. His clothes were in rags, his cheeks were sunken and hunger gleamed in his eyes. Once while moving along the road, an idea came to him that the world was a big rattrap. It offered comforts and joys just like the rattrap offered cheese and pork. (ii) Key Points While plodding along the road, one evening he came to a little grey cottage and asked for shelter for the night. The owner was a crofter who during his days of prosperity worked at the Ramsjo Ironworks. The Crofter even shared the fact that he had earned thirty kronor by selling the cow’s milk. Next morning half an hour after he parted from the crofter, he again came back to the crofter’s house. The peddler went up to the window, smashed a pane and took out the thirty kronor from the pouch. (iii) Key Points He lost his way in the forest and realised that he was walking in the same part of the forest. He was caught in a rattrap. The entire forest, with its trees, trunks and branches, seemed to him like a prison that offered no escape. He heard the sound of the regular thumping of a hammer. He realised that the sound was coming from an iron mill. He reached the Ramsjo Ironworks, which was then a large plant with smelter, rolling mill and forge. He entered the ironworks. The master blacksmith rather haughtily granted him permission to stay. (iv) Key Points The ironmaster visited the forge for his inspection and noticed the peddler. He mistook him in the dim light for an old regimental comrade and addressed him as Nils Olof. The ironmaster invited him home. As the peddler was not interested to enter into the lion’s den, he declined the invitation. Ironmaster informed peddler that his wife Elizabeth was dead, his sons were settled abroad and he lived with his daughter Edla. He sent his daughter, Edla to persuade the Peddler to visit his home and the peddler accepted the invitation. (v) Key Points The peddler felt guilty and cursed himself for stealing the Crofter’s money. The next day being Christmas Eve the ironmaster was happy that he would be spending his time with an old friend. Edla was doubtful about the Peddler as he didn’t display the slightest sign of being educated. The Peddler was asked to be well groomed. He was wearing clothes which belonged to the ironmaster. The ironmaster then realised that the tramp was no friend of his. The Peddler made no attempt to defend himself and just accepted his fate. (vi) Key Points The ironmaster being very angry, said that he would take him to the sheriff. The peddler reacted that the world being a a big rattrap one day ironmaster would also fall into the trap. The Peddler was asked to stay back for Christmas and was invited to spend even the next Christmas with them. The ironmaster and Edla gifted him the suit that he was wearing as a Christmas present. The Peddler kept staring at her in boundless amazement. (vii) Key Points On their visit next morning to the Church, the ironmaster and his daughter learned that a rattrap Peddler robbed an old Crofter who once worked at their Ramsjö Ironworks. On returning home ,the ironmaster asked the valet if the Peddler was still there. The valet informed him that the peddler had left but he had not taken anything with him, but had left a package. Edla found a rattrap. In the rattrap were three wrinkled ten kronor notes and a letter addressed to Edla. (viii) Key Points In his note Peddler wrote that he wanted the money to be returned to the Crofter on the roadside . The crofter had the money pouch hanging on the window frame as a bait for poor wanderers. He further wrote that the rattrap was a Christmas present from a ‘rat’ who could avoid the rattrap because he was raised to the status of a captain. He even signed the letter as ‘Captain von Stahie’. He was totally a changed man. Recapitulation: The story is about a rattrap seller. Begging, petty thievery and selling rattraps were occasionally his means of livelihood. One day he realized that the whole world is a rattrap . It offers riches, joys, shelter, food etc as bait and if tempted human beings are trapped forever. Once he cheated a crofter who gave him shelter one night. He stole thirty kronor. While travelling through a forest, he took shelter at a iron mill where he met ironmaster, the owner of the mill. The ironmaster mistook him to be his old regimental comrade. Ironmaster’s daughter, Edla took the peddler home and extended a warm welcome to the peddler. Peddler’s own identity is revealed and the ironmaster became angry when he discovered the real identity of the peddler. Edla asks the peddler to stay till the Christmas celebration. As Edla was very nice to him, the peddler gifted her a rattrap, returned thirty kronor and wrote a letter to her. He wrote that if he had not been raised to the level of a Captain, he would have been trapped in the rattrap. The peddler wrote himself as Captain von Stahle and left the house. Message: The message of "The Rattrap" revolves around the transformative power of compassion, empathy, and the potential for personal change. Selma Lagerlöf weaves together various themes and narrative elements to convey this central message. Here are some key points that elaborate on the story's message: 1. The Capacity for Redemption: The story suggests that every individual, regardless of their past actions or circumstances, has the capacity for redemption and transformation. The vagabond, who initially sees himself as a victim trapped in a rattrap-like world, undergoes a change of heart through the kindness and compassion shown to him by Edla Wilmansson. This transformation emphasizes the inherent goodness within people and their ability to break free from negative patterns. 2. The Power of Kindness: Kindness has a profound impact on the human spirit. Edla's genuine acts of kindness towards the vagabond, such as providing him with shelter, food, and companionship, challenge his cynical worldview and inspire him to question his own behavior. The story highlights the potential ripple effect of a single act of kindness, as it can spark change and encourage others to reevaluate their own actions. 3. The Destructive Nature of Materialism: The story critiques the pursuit of material wealth as a source of happiness and fulfillment. The vagabond's desire for riches and his thieving tendencies symbolize the trap of materialism, which ultimately leads to dissatisfaction and a sense of entrapment. Lagerlöf suggests that true contentment lies in human connections, empathy, and a genuine appreciation for the simple joys of life. 4. The Importance of Empathy and Understanding: "The Rattrap" emphasizes the significance of empathy and understanding in bridging divides and fostering change. Edla's ability to see beyond the vagabond's outer appearance and treat him with compassion demonstrates the power of empathy to break down barriers and challenge preconceived notions. The story encourages readers to look beyond surface judgments and engage in genuine connections with others. 5. The Influence of Perspective: Lagerlöf highlights the impact of one's perspective on their experiences and actions. The vagabond's cynical worldview, shaped by his past hardships, leads him to engage in dishonest behaviour as a means of survival. However, Edla's compassionate perspective challenges his beliefs and opens up new possibilities for him. The story suggests that by shifting one's perspective and embracing empathy, individuals can change their own narratives and transform their lives. In essence, the message of "The Rattrap" is that compassion, empathy, and a willingness to see beyond appearances can break down barriers, inspire personal growth, and lead to redemption and positive change. It encourages readers to reflect on their own actions, challenge societal traps, and embrace the transformative power of kindness in creating a more compassionate and understanding world. CBE-Based Questions 3 Marks Q1.How does the peddler’s conception of the world as a rattrap breed in his mind? Q2. Despite his philosophical insights, the vagabond fails to resist temptations. What would you attribute this to? Explain with reference to any instance from the text. Q3. Why did the peddler knock on the cottage by the roadside? How was he treated by the owner of the cottage? Q4. Why did Edla invite the peddler to stay with her family? Q5. ‘The man was just as generous with his confidences as with his porridge and tobacco.’ What was the outcome of this? Q6. Why did the peddler not reveal his identity to the ironmaster? Justify your answer. Q7. How did the identity of the peddler brought to light? Q8.How did the peddler realise that he himself had fallen into the rattrap? Give an example to support your answer. Q9. What made the peddler accept Edla Willmansson’s invitation? Explain. Q10. Why do you think the peddler felt unwonted joy to think ill of the world? Q11.Why was Edla so kind towards the peddler even after he was discovered? Q12.How did the peddler react after the ironmaster discovered that he was not the Captain? Q13. How did the peddler pay his gratitude to ironmaster & his daughter? Q14. What kind of hospitality was extended to the peddler on his visit to the ironmaster's house? CBE Questions (5 Marks) Discuss the significance of Edla Wilmansson's character in the story. How does her kindness impact the vagabond? Explore the theme of personal responsibility in "The Rattrap." How do the characters illustrate this theme? Discuss the significance of the rattrap seller in the story. How does his interaction with the vagabond contribute to the narrative? How does Selma Lagerlöf use symbolism throughout the story? Discuss the symbolic significance of the cottage, the iron and copper, and the rattrap itself. Analyze the role of storytelling in the narrative. How do the stories shared by Edla and the rattrap seller influence the vagabond's transformation? Explore the theme of trust in the story. How does trust, or the lack thereof, impact the relationships between the characters? Reflect on the theme of self-discovery in the story. How does the vagabond's journey lead to self-realization and personal growth? How did the concept of 'bait' illustrated through the character peddler in the story? Explain with the help of instances given in the story. Both the crofter & Edla Willmansson were kind towards the peddler. But the peddler's attitude towards the both was a mismatch. Why do you think Edla was more persuasive than the crofter in the transformation of the peddler? Make a comparative answer with instances from the text. Trust is a difficult choice, which may or may not be rewarded. Examine this statement in the light of peddler's action with respect to the crofter & the ironmaster. The story also focuses on human loneliness and the need to bond with others. To what extent do you think is the society responsible for man's predicament. Justify your answer in respect to the treatment meted out to the peddler from the lesson 'Rattrap' & Derry from 'On the Face of It.' The peddler's instance calls for a need to integrate people from the marginalized sections into the mainstream society. Justify the statement with respect to Edla's demonstration of love, compassion and charity. English Competency-Based Questions | Class 12 | CBSE (englishwithadifference.com)

1. Simile: Used to compare two different things having a common quality. e.g. She shall be sportive as the fawn The soul was like a star, and dwelt apart. He ran the race like a horse. 2. Metaphor: It refers to implied simile in which two things are treated as one. The camel is the ship of the desert. I see a lily on thy brow. ( John Keats) When I consider how my light is spent (John Milton) 3. Personification : Used to represent inanimate, lifeless objects & abstract ideas as living beings. The sun shed his beams on rich & poor alike. Peace has her victories no less renowned than war. The moon kisses flowers at night. 4. Oxymoron: Used to express two contradictory qualities of the same thing. Everybody witnessed the living death of the hero. She accepted it as the kind cruelty of the surgeon's knife. 5. Antithesis: Two contrasting or opposite ideas are set side by side to achieve emphasis. Man proposes, God disposes. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. To err is human , to forgive is divine. ( Alexander Pope) 6. Pun: Words having similar sound but different meanings used for some comic effect. If a woman loses her husband, she pines for a second. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country. Is life worth living? 7. Epigram: Use to express two antithetical or contradictory ideas. cowards die many times before their death. Child is the father of man. They also serve who stand & wait. ( John Milton) Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. 8. Transferred Epithet: an epithet which properly belongs to one object is transferred to another with which it has some sort of association. The plough man plods his weary way. I lay all night on my sleepless pillow. Note: Weary and sleepless are supposed to be used with humans , but used here with inanimate objects like way and pillow. So epithets have been transferred from one place to another. Hence, transferred epithets. 9. Hyperbole: Used to make a fact exaggeration in order to make a more effective impressions in the mind of the reader. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. ( William Shakespeare from Macbeth) Love is not time's fool. ( William Shakespeare) Ten thousand saw I at a glance. ( William Wordsworth from Daffodils) 10. Apostrophe: When an inanimate thing or abstract quality or an absent person is addressed like a living human being, the figure is called apostrophe. O Grave, where is thy victory? O Solitude ! Where are thy charms That sages have seen in thy face? O ! death ! where is thy sting? Frailty ! Thy name is woman. 11. Allusion: Reference to a historical event or to a mythical or literary figure. Since my school days Maths has been my Achilles Heel. ( Reference to the week spot of Achilles, the greatest warrior to fight in the Trojan War) I have met my Waterloo ( Reference to the Belgium town where Napoleon lost a make-or- break battle) 12. Metonymy: Change of name stands for the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another having a certain relation in them . He is reading Shakespeare. The delay is due to red-tapism. the bottle has made him a drunkard. Grey hairs should be respected. 13. Climax : ideas or words arranged in ascending order of importance. I cam, I saw, I conquered. To strive , to seek , to find and not to yield. ( also antithesis) 14. Anit-climax or Bathos: Opposite to climax. She lost her husband, her child, her goods and her umbrella. Poets are pigs are not appreciated until they are dead. 15. Pathetic Fallacy: inanimate objects are represented as sharing in human feelings by way of sympathy or otherwise ( i.e when we attribute human feelings to external & inanimate nature) Note: the name was given by Ruskin because he thought that it was a fallacy or a mistake of the poet to attribute pathos or feelings to an inanimate object. Earth cries for her murdered children. The wind heaved a deep sign over the grave. Crossword Puzzle Activity based on Figures of Speech